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Luo Fenglin, He Quanfeng, Wang Xufeng, Zhang Yi, Wang Yiwei, Kuang Xiangyi, Gu Jianfeng, Wang Qing
2026,55(9):2117-2132 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250510
Abstract:Lightweight high-entropy alloys (LWHEAs) represent a promising class of materials for advanced structural applications. However, achieving precise control over their phase formation and mechanical properties remains a significant challenge. Although the conventional empirical parameters (mixing enthalpy ΔHmix, valence electron concentration, atomic size mismatch δ, and electronegativity difference Φ) provide general guidance for phase stability in Ti-Al-based LWHEAs, their predictive accuracy is restricted. The Al/Ti atomic ratio (γ, namely Al/Ti ratio) is a more decisive and precise criterion for microstructure control. Guided by this parameter, a series of Ti(50–x)Al(6.5+x)V11.5Nb14.5Zr17.5 alloys were designed and synthesized. Results reveal that γ critically governs the precipitation, extent of short-range ordering, and grain refinement of B2 phase. Additionally, a moderate γ value of approximately 2.0 (Ti46Al10.5 alloy) yields an optimal synergy of high yield strength (>1 GPa) and considerable tensile ductility (>20%), whereas excessively high γ leads to embrittlement. This work considers γ as a key compositional parameter and provides a practical framework for designing high-performance LWHEAs through integrated parametric and element-ratio control.
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Li Chunyan, Liu Jianhui, Gao Jiaqing, Chen Jiaxin, Quan Guoning, Zhang Qiang, Kou Shengzhong, Li Xiaocheng
2026,55(9):2133-2141 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250481
Abstract:FeCrMoBC bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) were synthesized via spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique, and subsequent heat treatment was applied to optimize their properties. The effects of annealing on the microstructure, mechanical behavior, and corrosion resistance of the Fe-based BMGs were investigated. Results show that under optimized SPS parameters (sintering temperature of 560 °C, consolidation pressure of 550 MPa, and holding time of 1 min), the as-sintered sample achieves a relative density of 94.40% and a compressive strength of 678 MPa. After heat treatment at 550 °C for 20 min, an amorphous matrix with enhanced mechanical properties can be obtained: the compressive strength increases to 884 MPa, accompanied by superior corrosion resistance, which is characterized by corrosion potential (Ecorr) of -0.318 V, corrosion current density (Icorr) of 2.098×10-7 A/cm2, and polarization resistance (R2) of 59 379 Ω·cm2. Notably, annealing at 650 °C for 20 min results in a maximum relative density of 97.23% and a peak microhardness of 758.86 HV, which is attributed to the crystalline phase precipitation and grain refinement. These results demonstrate that controlled heat treatment can effectively improve the densification and comprehensive properties of SPS-processed Fe-based BMGs by regulating the microstructure evolution.
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Zhou Yongkang, Zhao Ziyan, Wang Yuanyuan, Yin Kexin, Li Hong, Li Zhengkun, Zhang Haifeng, Zhu Zhengwang
2026,55(9):2142-2148 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250513
Abstract:Optimal combination of strength and ductility for refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) can be achieved by regulating the alloy composition that induces the mismatch between atomic size and modulus. Thus, the influence of Zr and Ta on the microstructure evolution and room-temperature mechanical properties of Zr45-xTi15Nb30Ta10+x (x=0, 5, and 10, at %) RHEAs was investigated. Results show that the variation in the Zr/Ta ratio does not change the phase composition of the alloys. All three alloys are only composed of body-centered cubic phase. However, with the decrease in Zr/Ta ratio, the yield strength and ductility of the alloys are increased simultaneously: the yield strength increases from 901 MPa to 1003 MPa, and the elongation increases from 13.3% to 16.1%. The enhancement in ductility is primarily caused by grain refinement and the decrease in lattice distortion. Meanwhile, the increase in yield strength is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the increased shear modulus mismatch induced by the higher Ta content and the grain refinement strengthening. This study provides valuable insights into the influence of composition variation on the properties of RHEAs.
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Qiao Junwei, Wang Zeming, Zhang Yong, Liaw Peter K.
2026,55(9):2149-2164 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250358
Abstract:The mechanical behavior and microscopic mechanism of the Fe40Mn20Cr20Ni20 high-entropy alloy (HEA) at high/cryogenic temperatures and high strain rates (split Hopkinson bar) were investigated, and relevant theoretical models were used to fit the yield strength and flow stress of HEA. The tensile test results show that HEA exhibits excellent strength-plasticity synergy and excellent work-hardening ability by reducing the temperature or increasing the strain rate. During the dynamic tensile process, the interactions between different forms of dislocations and deformation twins jointly improve the strength and work-hardening ability of HEA. The Zerilli-Armstrong constitutive model was used to predict the temperature sensitivity and strain-rate sensitivity of the yield strength of HEA. At the same time, the Taylor model was used to predict the flow stress change of HEA with the strain rate under dynamic tension, and the model was applied to low-temperature dynamic experiments. The fitting results are consistent with the experimental results, providing a theoretical basis for the subsequent prediction of HEA strength.
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Gao Chenguang, Pei Xuhui, Chen Zhuo, Wang Hanming, Hu Mingchuan, Du Yin, Wang Haifeng
2026,55(9):2165-2178 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20240490
Abstract:In-situ ceramic phase-reinforced TaMoTiCr refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) composites were prepared by spark plasma sintering with the addition of 2.5wt% and 5.0wt% h-BN, separately. Results show that the h-BN promotes the uniform formation of (Ti, Ta)N, TaB2, and MoB ceramic phases within the body-centered cubic matrix, significantly increasing microhardness to 1136.95 HV. Tribological test results show that the composite with the addition of 2.5wt% h-BN presents great performance at room temperature with an ultra-low wear rate of 1.64×10-7 mm3?N-1?m-1, while the composite with the addition of 5.0wt% h-BN shows optimal performance at 300 °C. Above 800 °C (elevated temperature condition), lubricious oxide tribolayers, rich in Cr2O3, TiO2, and B2O3, form on the material surface, effectively reducing friction and wear. At 1000 °C, the composite with the addition of 2.5wt% h-BN achieves a wear rate of 5.22×10-7 mm3?N-1?m-1. This in situ ceramic reinforcement approach effectively enhances wear resistance of RHEAs across a wide temperature range, offering great potential for advanced aerospace applications.
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Dmitrievich Berezner Arseniy, Alexandrovich Fedorov Victor, Sergeevich Perov Nikolai, Qiao Jichao, Evgenievich Gromov Victor, Yurievich Zadorozhnyy Mikhail, Grigoriev Gregory Victorovich
2026,55(9):2179-2187 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250585
Abstract:The universal generalizing approach for non-isothermal behaviour of different alloys was provided with the novel deformation modelling. Results show that strong correlation can be found between the predicted model and experiment results, which shows accurate estimation of main applied parameters, such as the linear thermal expansion coefficient. Necking contours and critical thickness at corrugation for ribbon and rod specimens can also be calculated. Fractal analysis of corrugation folds (their main size) was conducted for polycrystalline and amorphous ribbon specimens. Structural peculiarities at the plastic deformation stage were investigated.
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Hou Junhan, Yan Zhenzhen, Huang Huang, Zhou Jiong, Zhu Fan
2026,55(9):2188-2193 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250487
Abstract:Molecular dynamics simulations were used to simulate the vapor deposition process for the investigation of the structural evolution of Ni-Nb metallic glasses as a function of substrate temperature. Results show that optimal substrate temperature is approximately 850 K, at which the glass attains the lowest potential energy and thus the highest stability. The formation of ultrastable glass is accompanied by a transition of short-range ordered structure from a distorted icosahedron to a perfect icosahedron. This phenomenon can be further confirmed in Mg-Cu-Y, La-Ni-Al, Zr-Cu-Al, and Cu-Zr metallic glass systems. In this research, the structural origin of ultrastable metallic glass formation is established, providing new insights into the nature of the glass transition.
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Gao Ming, Zhang Qian, Qiao Junwei, Gan Bin
2026,55(9):2194-2208 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250402
Abstract:A novel grain structure was developed in a NiCo-based superalloy by short-term annealing and aging treatment. Results show that the novel grain structure consists of residual deformed grains, fine recrystallized grains, and multi-scale L12-γ' precipitates. Compared with the conventional heat-treated alloy (yield strength of 1106 MPa; elongation of 18.8%), the alloy with a partially recrystallized microstructure exhibits a significantly higher yield strength of 1371 MPa while maintaining the elongation of 13.3%. This high strength is attributed to synergistic effects from dislocation strengthening (induced by prior cold rolling), fine grain strengthening, and precipitation reinforcement by γ' phases. In contrast, the fully recrystallized alloy demonstrates a yield strength of 1390 MPa and an elongation of 14.3%, primarily due to the uniform fine-grained structure and homogeneously diffused γ' precipitation. The underlying deformation mechanisms are thoroughly investigated, revealing that in addition to precipitates, the dislocation activity, nanotwins, and Lomer-Cottrell locks are also critical for the outstanding mechanical properties. This research provides a practical and cost-effective processing strategy for developing high-performance NiCo-based superalloys for demanding engineering applications.
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Zhang Langting, Duan Yajuan, Li Bowen, Qiao Jichao
2026,55(9):2209-2218 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250552
Abstract:Metallic glasses exhibit exceptional properties but suffer from brittle fracture via shear banding at room temperature. Homogeneous deformation is vital for understanding amorphous plasticity. This review summarized recent advances in homogeneous deformation of metallic glasses in atomic-scale flow mechanisms, evolution of shear transformation zones, flow defects, and hierarchical relaxation processes. The correlation among free volume kinetics, stress-temperature equivalence, and rejuvenation threshold stress was introduced. Role of structural heterogeneity in flow stability was discussed, alongside the application of modern characterization and modeling techniques. The review proposed investigation methods for designing high ductile metallic glasses based on these insights.
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2026,55(9):2219-2237 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250367
Abstract:Metallic glasses are a unique class of materials with exceptional mechanical properties, including high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and significant elasticity. These materials display intriguing dynamical relaxation processes, which influence their mechanical and thermal properties. Understanding the dynamical relaxations in metallic glasses is crucial for optimizing their performance in various applications. Due to the restrictions of experimental techniques to access processes at the atomic level, the detailed mechanisms responsible for the dynamical relaxations cannot be easily obtained. Numerical simulations are potential candidates to analyze the elementary dynamical processes at the atomic scale and thus to capture the fundamental origin of dynamical relaxations. The development of computing has allowed researchers to reach an enormous advancement in the understanding of the physical mechanisms behind dynamical relaxations in metallic glasses. This review provided a brief overview of the current state of research in numerical simulations of dynamical relaxations in metallic glasses, highlighting key methodologies, significant findings, ongoing challenges, and future directions. By synthesizing current research, this review emphasizes the importance of these simulations in improving the design and processing of metallic glasses (from structural materials to high-performance components) for a wide range of applications.
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Xu Zhou, Cui Jiayin, He Chang, Gu Jingda, Wang Qing
2026,55(9):2238-2256 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260028
Abstract:Over the past years, high-entropy metallic glasses (HEMGs) have attracted increasing research interest due to their unique structural characteristics arising from high configurational entropy, as well as distinctive properties such as sluggish diffusion, microstructural heterogeneity, enhanced glass-forming ability (GFA), and improved thermal/mechanical stability. Similar to conventional metallic glasses (MGs), HEMGs lack long-range atomic periodicity; however, the high-entropy effect introduces additional complexity in structural evolution, such as decoupling of the glass transition, potential glass-to-glass transitions, and a continuous polyamorphic transition during reheating. This enables HEMGs with tunable atomic rearrangement, atomic interactions, and chemical/topological heterogeneity, thereby conferring great potential for achieving superior structural and functional properties. Although several review papers have summarized the development of HEMGs, the rapid advancement of this field inspires us to provide a concise overview discussion of the latest research progress in HEMG-forming alloy systems. This review first focused on the GFA of newly developed HEMGs, followed by a comparative analysis of their unusual structural relaxation, crystallization behavior, and mechanical properties relative to conventional MGs. Finally, the unique atomic-scale structure and structural heterogeneity of HEMGs were reviewed, and the review concluded with a summary and outlook.
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Li Wenyu, Yang Weiming, Ma Yan, Liu Lichen, Zhang Xiang, Zhang Ping, Zhao Yuchen, Liu Haishun
2026,55(9):2257-2266 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250483
Abstract:To enhance the amorphous phase content and tribological properties of iron-based amorphous alloy coatings, this study proposed a novel strategy for fabricating copper alloy/amorphous gradient coatings on 45# steel substrate. Using coaxial powder-feeding laser cladding technique, single-layer FeCrMoCBY amorphous coatings and copper alloy (CuSn12Ni2)/amorphous double-layer gradient coatings were separately prepared. The effects of laser scanning speed (2000–4000 mm/min) on the microstructure, amorphous phase formation, and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated. The results show that the copper alloy/amorphous double-layer gradient structure significantly accelerates molten pool cooling via the high thermal conductivity of the copper interlayer, reducing the critical cooling rate requirement for amorphous formation. Consequently, the amorphous phase content is substantially improved to 68.9wt%–92.3wt%, showing a remarkable enhancement compared to the single-layer coating. The highest amorphous phase content (92.3wt%) is achieved at a scanning speed of 3000 mm/min. M23C6-type carbide submicron crystals precipitate in the coating and are dispersedly distributed in the amorphous matrix, improving the hardness through a pinning effect. The average microhardness of the gradient coating exceeds 1000 HV0.1 (peak value of 1288.75 HV0.1, which is six times higher than that of the substrate). It is also found that moderate crystallization can enhance hardness of the material. The wear mechanism of the amorphous alloy coating is dominated by abrasive wear. High hardness leads to brittle spallation and the formation of wear debris, which induces secondary ploughing. This study demonstrates that the gradient structure provides more favorable thermodynamic conditions for amorphous phase formation through the thermal-conductivity regulation effect of the copper alloy interlayer, offering new insights for the engineering application of wear-resistant coatings with high amorphous phase content.
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Chen Changjiu, Deng Yuying, Zhang Jinyong, Ziyamukhamedova Umida, Davran Radjibayev
2026,55(9):2267-2273 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250514
Abstract:The dynamic mechanical relaxation behavior of a Zr60Al10Co20Ag10 metallic glass was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis, and its thermal stability and crystallization kinetics were further examined by thermal analysis. The results show that the loss modulus of this alloy exhibits a significant broadening α-relaxation peak, and the relatively low activation energy of α-relaxation (3.78±0.21 eV) is associated with the early onset of crystallization. The temperature and frequency dependence of the dynamic mechanical relaxation behavior were analyzed using the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) model, yielding a low Kohlrausch exponent (βKWW) value that indicates a wide distribution of relaxation time and pronounced dynamic heterogeneity. Using Kissinger equation, the activation energy for the onset of crystallization Ex, the first crystallization peak activation energy Ep1, and the second crystallization peak activation energy Ep2 of this metallic glass are calculated to be 424, 420, and 271 kJ/mol, respectively, suggesting good thermal stability. Crystallization kinetics results show that the first crystallization peak corresponds to a diffusion-controlled process, with an Avrami index
=1.97±0.33, which is consistent with the diffusion-dominated growth theory. -
Li Mingze, Yang Weiming, Li Jiawei
2026,55(9):2274-2281 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250511
Abstract:The elastic modulus of metallic glasses (MGs) is commonly considered to be “inherited” from their solvent (principal) element. However, this rule exhibits significant exceptions in Cu-based MG systems. To uncover the physical mechanism behind this anomalous inheritance, this study selected the Cu-Zr-Hf-Ti system as the research object. Based on first-principles calculations, a multi-scale analysis was conducted, including the macroscopic elastic modulus, atomic-scale bonding characteristics, and the electronic structure. The results show that the elastic modulus of this system is governed by low-stiffness interatomic interactions represented by Zr-Zr and Zr-Ti bonds, rather than by the principal element Cu. Electronic structure analysis further confirms that, although Cu dominates in composition, the electronic density of states (DOS) near the Fermi level is primarily contributed by the d-orbitals of the minor elements Zr and Hf. The introduction of Hf enhances the orbital hybridization between Cu-3d and Hf-5d, and reduces DOS near the Fermi level, thereby significantly increasing stiffness by promoting the directionality and covalency of bonding. Concurrently, the decrease in ratio of bulk modulus to shear modulus (B/G) and Poisson's ratio (ν) values suggests a potential decline in toughness. This work clarifies that the inheritance of the elastic modulus in MGs is essentially determined by the key element that dominates the electronic DOS at the Fermi level. This finding provides a theoretical basis for the rational design of MGs with tailored mechanical properties from an electronic structure perspective.
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Yin Yuzhen, Ma Bowen, Song Miao, Pan Jie, Liu Lin
2026,55(9):2282-2290 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250533
Abstract:Additive manufacturing technique provides a new approach for the fabrication of complex structures and precise control of the microstructure in high-entropy alloys (HEAs), greatly expanding their application prospects in extreme service environments such as aerospace and deep-space exploration. However, there is still a lack of systematic and in-depth understanding of the mechanical behavior of additively manufactured HEAs under cryogenic conditions, particularly regarding their dynamic impact response and underlying microstructural deformation mechanisms. In this study, a Ni40Co18Cr18Fe14Al5Ti5 HEA was prepared using selective laser melting (SLM), and its static tensile and dynamic impact mechanical behaviours at 77 K were investigated. The results show that this HEA exhibits excellent strength-ductility synergy and impact toughness at cryogenic temperature, with a yield strength of 1083.4 MPa, a uniform elongation of 29.8%, and an impact energy as high as 117.7 J. Microstructural analysis reveals that the high-density dislocations, stacking faults, and their interactions between the initial cellular structures during cryogenic deformation effectively facilitate energy dissipation, thereby endowing this HEA with excellent cryogenic impact toughness.
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Gong Yingqi, Zhao Huifeng, Zhang Tao, Yu Haibin
2026,55(9):2291-2297 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250482
Abstract:The intrinsically sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) severely restricts the practical efficiencies of water splitting and metal-air batteries. In this research, a series of flexible CrFeCoNiMox (x=0, 0.2, 0.5, 1) high-entropy alloy (HEA) monolithic electrodes were directly fabricated on carbon cloth by magnetron sputtering, and the influence of Mo doping content on their OER electrocatalytic performance was investigated. The results show that the appropriate Mo doping can significantly enhance the OER activity of the electrode. Among the prepared electrodes, CrFeCoNiMo0.5 exhibits the highest catalytic activity, delivering a current density of 10 mA/cm2 at an overpotential of only 212 mV with a Tafel slope of 37.4 mV/dec. Moreover, the electrode operates stably at 100 mA/cm2 for 140 h without noticeable degradation. XPS, TEM and in-situ Raman analyses reveal that Mo doping tailors the electronic structure of 3d metals (Fe, Ni), elevates their oxidation states and promotes surface amorphization/reconstruction, thereby strengthening the adsorption of reaction intermediates. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further demonstrate that Mo doping optimizes the reaction pathway and lowers the energy barrier for oxygen-vacancy formation. These findings provide both experimental evidence and theoretical support for the application of flexible HEA electrodes in advanced energy-conversion devices.
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Gu Yutong, Wang Xueqian, Jiang Shunda, Yang Yiyuan, Jia Zhe, Shen Baolong
2026,55(9):2298-2305 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250496
Abstract:High-performance noble metal electrocatalysts for water splitting face significant challenges including high cost, low atomic utilization, insufficient interface stability, and complex preparation processes, which severely limit their large-scale application. Therefore, developing low-cost, low-energy-consumption, and long-life electrocatalysts for water splitting is urgently needed. In this work, a carbon thermal shock strategy was used to rapidly synthesize ultrafine (10 nm) FeCoNiCrPt high-entropy alloy (HEA) nanoparticles on carbon fibers. Results show that in alkaline medium, the catalyst achieves current densities of 10 mA·cm–2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and 100 mA·cm–2 for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with overpotential of only 34 and 264 mV, respectively. Furthermore, when FeCoNiCrPt samples are used as both anode and cathode in an alkaline electrolyzer for overall water splitting, a current density of 10 mA·cm–2 is achieved at only 1.53 V, with stable operation for more than 100 h. This carbon thermal shock strategy provides a simple and versatile approach for rapidly synthesizing well-dispersed HEA nanoparticles, offering a new pathway for developing low-cost, highly stable catalysts for overall water splitting.
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Zhang Siying, Li Wei, Ruan Jiayi, Chen Xiaoning, Li Luyao, Wang Zhuang, Ma Jiang, Yuan Chenchen
2026,55(9):2306-2316 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250555
Abstract:In recent years, industrial dye wastewater like azo dyes has caused severe environmental problems. Metallic glasses (MGs) are considered as promising catalysts for efficient water remediation due to their unique disordered structure, high Gibbs free energy, and excellent corrosion resistance. Ultrasonic pre-treatment was employed to enhance the catalytic performance of Fe81B10Si9 MG. Results show that the sample treated with ultrasonic energy of 500 J exhibits the optimal reaction rate constant (kobs) of 1.66 min-1 compared with the untreated sample. The impact of typical anions (e.g., Cl-, H2PO4-, NO2-, and SO42-) on the methylene blue solution degradation during the Fenton-like process (Fe-MG/H2O2) was investigated. With the increase in anion concentration, Cl-, H2PO4?, and NO2? all inhibit the degradation to varying degrees (kobs< 0.2 min-1), whereas SO42- has a relatively weaker effect on the degradation process (kobs=0.76 min-1). Using Cl- as a representative, the synergistic mechanism involved in the process was analyzed. Quenching experiment results indicate that ·OH are the dominant active species, which is synergistically regulated by solution chemistry and surface pathways. The ultrasonic-induced surface morphology reconstruction and valence state regulation enhance the catalytic stability in complex anionic environments. This work provides theoretical guidance for designing and developing high-performance MG catalysts in complex water environment.
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Hou Zhaoyang, Li Danni, Li Yuanhao, Zou Pengfei, Zhao Meng, Li Kefan
2026,55(9):2317-2324 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250500
Abstract:The introduction of gradient nano-grained (GNG) structure into metallic materials is recognized as an effective strategy to mitigate or eliminate the strength-ductility trade-off. The distribution of grain sizes within the gradient structure plays a critical role in modulating the strength-ductility synergy. In this study, the influences of the gradient grain-size distribution on the mechanical characteristics, strain and strain distributions, dislocation distribution, and grain boundary migration were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The results demonstrate that an optimal strength-ductility synergy is achieved when the gradient grain-size range lies within the transition region between the inverse Hall-Petch (IHP) and Hall-Petch (HP) regimes (9.6?19.2 nm). Further analysis indicates that within the IHP-HP transition zone (9.6?19.2 nm), the gradients of local strain and stress are the most pronounced, and the dislocation density reaches a maximum, leading to an optimal balance between strength and ductility. When the gradient grain-size range falls within the IHP softening regime, the plastic deformation is predominantly governed by grain boundary-mediated mechanisms. In contrast, when the gradient grain-size range is located in the HP strengthening regime, dislocation slip becomes the primary mode of plastic deformation.
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Guo Wei, Zhu Mengyuan, Zheng Weijie, Zhao Shiyang, Zhao Mi, Wu Shusen
2026,55(9):2325-2330 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250333
Abstract:The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of MoNbVTa0.5 refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) under varying annealing temperatures and holding time were investigated. The results show that microstructural homogenization improves with the increase in annealing temperature at a fixed holding time of 24 h. However, annealing above 1500 °C induces the precipitation of (Nb,Ta)-rich phases, which deteriorates ductility. At 1400 °C, prolonged holding time enhances yield strength, while plastic strain initially increases and then decreases due to the pinning effect of precipitated phases. Notably, the RHEA after homogenization annealing at 1300 °C for 24 h achieves a synergistic improvement in strength and plasticity: the yield strength increases to 1530 MPa, and plastic deformation reaches 9.2%, representing a 58.6% enhancement compared to the RHEA at as-cast state.
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Pan Xiongqiyue, Qi Chen, Zhang Jingsai, Zhang Junsheng, Chen Shunhua
2026,55(9):2331-2341 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250561
Abstract:Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) usually exhibit high strength but limited plasticity at room temperature. Their strength enhancement depends on the mechanisms such as lattice distortion and solid-solution strengthening, which restrict dislocation motions and thus reduce their plasticity. In contrast, the strengthening mechanisms that improve plasticity often weaken strengthening effect. Therefore, enhancing both strength and plasticity simultaneously remains a significant challenge for RHEAs. To address this issue, TiVZrTaWx (x=5, 10, 15, 20) low-activation RHEAs were designed and prepared, and the effects of W content on the phase structure, microstructure, and compressive mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that increasing the W content to 10% can enhance both the strength and plasticity simultaneously, and the TiVZrTaW10 RHEA shows a hardness of 535.7 HV, a yield strength of 1808.85 MPa and a plasticity of 7.22%. Such improvement is mainly attributed to the solid-solution strengthening and secondary-phase strengthening effects. To further enhance the mechanical properties, a minor amount of N was added to the TiVZrTaW10 RHEA. The results show that the strength and plasticity of the (TiVZrTaW10)100?yNy RHEAs are further improved. The typical (TiVZrTaW10)98.5N1.5 RHEA exhibits a hardness of 605.8 HV, a yield strength of 2008.66 MPa, and a plasticity of 11.25%. Through TEM and other analyses, the enhanced mechanical properties are found to mainly result from the secondary-phase strengthening, synergistic deformation of the matrix and secondary phases during compression, and interstitial strengthening effects induced by N addition.
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Liu Yuying, Zhao Zhichao, Lei Zhonglin, Ren Shile, Zhang Zhiyuan, Yang Lei, Jiang Jing, Lu Zhen, Qiao Jichao
2026,55(9):2342-2350 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250499
Abstract:TiZrNbHf multi-principal element alloy films were fabricated via magnetron sputtering co-deposition. The phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the samples were characterized using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscope (EDS), and nanoindenter. High-throughput biocompatibility screening of individual composition spots was performed through the construction of discrete biological culture wells. With the aid of machine learning-assisted screening, this work proposed a novel paradigm for designing low-modulus alloys. The results show that the TiZrNbHf multi-principal alloy samples all exhibit a body-centered cubic structure, with Young's modulus and hardness ranging from 15–93 GPa and 1.7–4.8 GPa, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests reveal that optical density values concentrate in the range of 0.75–0.90, demonstrating good biocompatibility. Using a random forest regression model with Ti, Zr, Nb, and Hf as input variables, the influence of each element on Young's modulus was analyzed, revealing that Nb has the most significant effect. By combining Latin hypercube sampling, a predictive dataset was constructed, leading to the design and calculation of three types of low-modulus alloy. This approach provides a theoretical foundation and data support for low-modulus alloy design.
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Zhu Yuhui, Jiang Tiantian, Zhou Yongkang, Xu Lingyu, Yang Shengli, Xie Bin, Gao Fuyang, Lv Yifan, Zhu Zhengwang, Yu Wei
2026,55(9):2397-2410 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250444
Abstract:High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are emerging alloy materials in recent years, breaking the inherent concept of designing traditional alloy compositions based on 1?2 major elements. Due to their unique structural features and performance advantages conferred by their multi-principal-element combinations, HEAs exhibit wide application prospects in marine engineering. In this review, the basic concepts and development status of HEAs have been introduced. Furthermore, their technological breakthrough, performance features, and corresponding mechanism analysis in different scenarios, including structural mechanics, coating protection, corrosion resistance, radiation tolerance, and component fabrication, have been reviewed. Special attention has been paid to the development status and application scenarios of HEAs in the field of shipbuilding and marine engineering. Some prominent problems currently existing in the research process of HEAs have been summarized, aiming to propose design methods and preparation directions of HEAs. More importantly, it also clarified novel development strategies to solve practical problems such as a series of corrosion and protection issues faced by HEAs under complex service conditions including marine engineering, along with new ideas for the future development of advanced HEAs that possess superior comprehensive performance and enhanced environmental adaptability.
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Zhang Zhe, Zhang Shuyan, Wang Tuo
2026,55(9):2411-2420 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250384
Abstract:Hydraulic machinery serves as the core equipment in hydropower stations and pumping stations, primarily encompassing turbines and pumps. Cavitation and erosion occurring on turbines stand out as the main causes of failure in flow-passing components, which have remained a critical challenge hindering the development of hydraulic machinery for over six decades. Numerous researchers have consistently found that applying a dense coating on the surface of the substrate material can effectively mitigate the damage to hydraulic machinery caused by cavitation and erosion. As an advanced surface modification technique, laser cladding has opened up new avenues for the industrial application of such coatings. By summarizing existing studies, this review comprehensively analyzed the mechanisms, influencing factors, and prediction methods of cavitation and erosion. It specifically summarized the impact of powder composition and operating conditions on the anti-cavitation and anti-erosion performances of laser cladding alloy coatings. Based on the above analysis, the review addressed the current drawbacks of materials in terms of anti-cavitation and anti-erosion performances, summarized the existing problems to date, and outlined the future development directions and trends of laser cladding alloy coatings. This work aimed to provide valuable references for the development of high-performance laser cladding coatings.
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Li Jiadong, Shao Huayang, Zhou Zilong, Zhao Yuhui, He Chen
2026,55(9):2351-2361 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250269
Abstract:Ni-based superalloy coatings fabricated by laser melting deposition accumulate a large amount of residual stresses inside the coating, which adversely affects the microstructure and properties of the coating. The grade 4 Ni-based superalloy coatings reinforced with Nb and WC composite were prepared on 304NG stainless steel substrate by laser melting deposition technique, and the residual stresses inside the coatings were reduced by annealing treatment. The effects of annealing temperature and annealing time on the microstructure, microhardness, wear resistance, and tensile properties of the coatings were investigated. The results show that an increase in annealing temperature leads to an increase in the content of the softer matrix phase γ-Ni of the coating, a decrease in hardness, and the transformation of the discretely-distributed eutectic structure into a continuously-distributed network structure. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the coating after 700 °C/1 h/furnace cooling treatment exhibits the most excellent wear resistance and tensile properties. This is because the fatigue cracks generated during friction and wear in this coating disappear, and the wear mechanism transitions from fatigue wear to abrasive wear. At the same time, while ensuring the wear resistance of the coating, the plasticity of the coating is enhanced, achieving a synergistic enhancement of strength and plasticity.
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Chen Lihe, Wang Rui, Yao Xinwei, Hai Nuo, Gao Yinghong, Zhang Zhouran, Li Shun
2026,55(9):2362-2369 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250283
Abstract:Based on eutectic alloy design strategies combined with Pandat thermodynamic calculations, Zrx(NiFe)100-x (x=75, 83, 90, wt%) alloy systems were designed and prepared. Furthermore, the intrinsic correlation mechanism between the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys was investigated. Results show that at Zr concentrations of 83wt% and above, the alloys exhibit a distinctive lamellar eutectic microstructure (tI12-Zr2(Ni/Fe)/fcc-Zr) coexisting with hcp-Zr, featuring nanoscale FeZr3 interphase precipitates at eutectic interfaces. Notably, the liquidus formation temperature exhibits a substantial reduction to approximately 974 ℃. The Zr83(NiFe)17 and Zr90(NiFe)10 alloys exhibit compressive strengths of 1352±12 and 1263±10 MPa with corresponding fracture strains of 14.2%±0.4% and 17.0%±0.3%, respectively. These values represent a significant enhancement in fracture strain compared to conventional Zr-based amorphous alloys while maintaining comparable strength properties. Fractographic analysis reveals that dislocation pinning and shear band bifurcation phenomena induced by eutectic interfaces effectively impede crack propagation, facilitating a transition in fracture mode from brittle cleavage to 45° shear-dominated failure with increasing Zr content. Under dynamic compression, both Zr83(NiFe)17 and Zr90(NiFe)10 alloys exhibit a strain rate hardening effect, and when the strain rate exceeds a critical value, the alloys undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition.
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Wu Biao, Zhu Ziyu, Zhong Yizhen, Chen Zhe, Zhang Lin, Wu Mingxia, Liu Jian
2026,55(9):2370-2378 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250282
Abstract:The thermal effects of TC4 titanium alloy during laser welding induce microstructural heterogeneity and residual stress in the weld joint, significantly compromising its corrosion resistance. This study investigated the influence of pulsed magnetic field treatment with varying intensities (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 T) on the corrosion behavior of welded joints. Results show that magnetic field treatment effectively enhances corrosion resistance, with optimal performance achieved at 1.5 T. Compared to untreated specimen, the 1.5 T-treated specimen exhibits remarkable improvements: polarization resistance (Rp) increases by 13 times, corrosion current density (Icorr) decreases by 30.3%, passivation current density (Ip) reduces by 40.5%, while mass loss rates after HCl immersion for 20 and 40 d decrease by 1.7% and 10.3%, respectively. The decrease in homogeneity index (D-value) of residual stress distribution show a trend of initial increase followed by decrease with ascending magnetic intensity. At 1.5 T, the D-value reduction in x-direction reaches 27.92%, corresponding to optimal energy matching between magnetostrictive effects and dislocation motion. Beyond 1.5 T, magnetostriction saturation induces lattice distortion and dislocation pile-ups, diminishing stress redistribution efficiency. Magnetic treatment facilitates dislocation migration and annihilation, reducing local strain (5.8%?6.9% decrease in KAMave) and residual tensile stress (72.0% reduction). This process alleviates stress concentration and decreases the proportion of low-angle grain boundary, effectively releasing type II internal stresses and decreasing corrosion susceptibility. This research proposes an innovative, cost-effective, and eco-friendly post-processing strategy for titanium alloy welded structures.
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Ouyang Xin, Wang Weibin, Man Jianfeng, Zhang Kexin, Ma Zhiyuan, Yuan Chunming, Cheng Lei, Luo Hao, Wang Jinhua, Guo Dagang
2026,55(9):2379-2387 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250261
Abstract:A series of Ni-doped Ni-MoS2@B-Ti3C2 nano-heterostructure electrocatalysts were prepared by in-situ growth of Ni-doped molybdenum disulfide (Ni-MoS2) via hydrothermal reaction on boron-doped titanium carbide (B-Ti3C2, MXene structure) nanosheets as the substrate. The composition, structure, and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of the catalysts were characterized and evaluated. Results show that the 1%Ni-MoS2@B-Ti3C2 heterostructure outperforms other catalysts with varying Ni contents. In alkaline media, it requires only 130 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA·cm-2, exhibits a Tafel slope of 91.8 mV·dec-1, and maintains stable operation for over 12 h. Theoretical calculations further clarify that Ni doping effectively optimizes the hydrogen adsorption free energy of edge sulfur sites toward zero, which, combined with the strong electronic interaction of the MXene substrate, synergistically reduces the energy barrier for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Song Congbin, Zhu Lei, Wu Jiangtao, Sun Hao, Li Donghai, Shang Zhixuan, Liu Linjie, Li Nannan, Cao Xinfeng
2026,55(9):2388-2396 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250257
Abstract:To meet the high-performance requirements of copper/stainless steel composite materials for the “double-box lap joint structure” in nuclear fusion devices, explosive welding was employed to fabricate thick TU0/316L clad plates. The interface characteristics and their correlation with performance were investigated through microstructural characterization and mechanical testing. Results show that jet interference and wave impedance differences under explosive impact induce a periodic wavy interface (with wavelength of 789 μm). Molten mixing dominates in wave crest regions while solid-state diffusion prevails in trough regions, with deeper diffusion observed in troughs. Dynamic recrystallization occurs in TU0-side grains, whereas 316L-side grains refine to submicron scale. The interface achieves remarkable shear strength (210 MPa) and pull-off strength (230 MPa), both exceeding the ultimate strength of copper matrix. Bend testing shows no interfacial delamination, confirming superior peeling resistance. This research provides critical insights for interface design and process optimization of composite components under extreme nuclear fusion conditions.
2026,Volume 55, Issue 9
>2026 Amorphous Alloys and Multi-component Alloys
>Materials Science
- Call for Papers
- Published Issue
Volume 55, Issue 5, 2026
Guest Editor: Zhao Yuhong (Beijing University of Science and Technology / North University of China)
Guest Editor: Liu Wenbo (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
Zhang Lijun (Central South University)
Shi Rongpei (Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
Huang Houbing (Beijing Institute of Technology)
Xing Hui (Northwestern Polytechnical University)
Hong Zijian (Zhejiang University)
Sun Dongke (Southeast University)
Volume 55, Issue 1&2, 2026
Guest Editor-in-Chief: Academician Lu Bingheng, Xi'an Jiaotong University
Guest Editor: Song Soucheng, Xi'an Jiaotong University
Chen Zhen Xi'an Jiaotong University
Volume 54, Issue 7, 2025
Guest Editor-in-Chief: Jiao Yongjun, China National Nuclear Corporation Limited
Guest Editor: Qiu Xi, China Nuclear Power Research Institute
Fang Yonghan, China National Nuclear Corporation Strategic Planning Research Institute Co., Ltd
Shi Minghua, Xi'an Western New Zirconium Technology Co., Ltd
Volume 54, Issue 2, 2025
Guest Editor-in-Chief: Long Weimin
Guest Editor: Sujuan Zhong
2025, Volume 54, Issue 1
2025, Volume 54, Issue 3
2024, Volume 53, Issue 10
Guest Editor: Ma Fei from Xi'an Jiaotong University
Guest Editor: Wu Guosong from Hohai University
2024, Volume 53, Issue 5
Guest Editor: Hu Ping from Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology
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Che Xueyu, Xuan weidong, Zhao Dan, Liu Ming, Yin Minghui, Ren Zhongming
Available online:July 14, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260141
Abstract:A systematic investigation was conducted on the oxidation behavior of nickel-based superalloy CM247LC at 1100 ℃ for 2 h under different water vapor contents. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies, phase composition, and formation mechanism of the oxide scale were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermodynamic calculations. The results indicate that water vapor significantly accelerates the oxidation of CM247LC alloy. As the water vapor content increases, the oxidation weight gain intensifies and the oxide scale thickness gradually rises. The surface oxide scale evolves from fine and uniform oxide particles into coarse particles, which subsequently agglomerate to form a continuous oxide layer. The oxide scale exhibits a multi-layer structure, primarily composed of NiO、Cr2O3、HfO2、TiTaO4、CoCr2O4 and Al-rich oxides. The formation sequence of these oxides is consistent with the order of their Gibbs free energies of formation. Water vapor promotes the growth of oxides and induces spallation of the oxide scale, thereby deteriorating the oxidation resistance of the alloy.
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Chang Jiashuo, Wang Xingxing, Wu Gang, Wang Shuai, Rocco Lupoi, Mohamed Rachik, Zhang Guanxing, Chang Yunfeng
Available online:July 14, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260169
Abstract:To investigate a reliable joining method for heterogeneous joints between high-nitrogen steel and alumina ceramic, vacuum brazing of P580 high-nitrogen steel and alumina ceramic was carried out using AgCuTi filler metal. The influence of brazing temperature on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint was systematically analyzed. The results show that the optimal joint was obtained under the process parameter of 910 °C/10 min. Its interfacial structure was Al2O3/Cu3Ti3O/Ag(s,s)+Cu(s,s)+TiCu/TiN/high-nitrogen steel. A continuous and dense Cu3Ti3O reaction layer formed on the ceramic side, while TiN compounds were generated on the high nitrogen steel side. The maximum shear strength of the joint reached 53.74 MPa, with fracture occurring in the ceramic near the brazed seam. Excessively high or low temperatures led to discontinuous or fragmented reaction layers, thereby reducing joint strength. The Ag and Cu solid solutions exhibited good plasticity, which helped alleviate residual stress, while the thickness and continuity of the Cu3Ti3O reaction layer played a key role in the interfacial stress state and joint performance. This study provides a reliable brazing process solution for the heterogeneous joining of high-nitrogen steel and alumina ceramic.
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Fandong Zhang, Binhao Liu, Jingwen Huang, Cong Qiu, Jian Chen, Jialun Zhang
Available online:July 14, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260201
Abstract:The inferior thermal stability of p-type skutterudites and their electrical contacts has severely limited the reliability of skutterudite-based thermoelectric devices. In this work, a dual-phase multi-principal element alloy interlayer, CoFeNiMo0.75, is engineered via adequate Mo alloying to establish a multiple diffusion barrier effect while maintaining thermal expansion matching. Mo dissolved in the FCC matrix intensifies lattice distortion to hinder elemental diffusion, while the dispersed dendritic Mo-rich μ-phase precipitates exhibit weak reactivity and increase the effective diffusion-path tortuosity. Owing to this dual-phase synergistic mechanism, the CoFeNiMo0.75/La0.8Ti0.1Ga0.1Fe3.3Co0.7Sb12 interface demonstrates exceptional thermal stability. After aging at 823 K for 600 h, the interfacial contact resistivity increased only from ~2.51 μΩ·cm2 to ~3.22 μΩ·cm2, following parabolic kinetics with an ultralow rate constant of ~0.028 μΩ·cm2·h-1/2, while the shear strength remained largely stable at ~16 MPa. These results showcase the potential of the dual-phase strategy in achieving robust, multi-level diffusion barriers for next-generation thermoelectric interfaces.
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wang zhao hui, zhang shaohui, sun panhe, yao kaijun, deng hao, xiang biao, xie jing, xu wenli, jiang he, dong jian xin
Available online:July 13, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260080
Abstract:The ultra-large-scale GH4738 superalloy turbine disk forging for power equipment, with a diameter exceeding φ1500 mm, represents the largest GH4738 alloy forging domestically. Using the Simufact numerical simulation software, the effects of process parameters such as friction coefficient, pressing speed, and initial forging temperature on the forming load and microstructure distribution of the forging were analyzed, and the optimal forging process parameters for the φ1500 mm-scale GH4738 alloy turbine disk were determined. Subsequently, numerical simulation and trial production of a scaled-down component were conducted using the same process parameters, and the actual microstructure distribution was found to be consistent with the simulation results. Based on the validated results, die forging of the φ1500 mm-scale GH4738 alloy turbine disk was successfully carried out on an 80,000-ton die forging press. After heat treatment, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the forging met the service requirements, achieving the engineering fabrication of the φ1500 mm-scale GH4738 alloy turbine disk forging. Furthermore, the precipitate phase content at different positions of the forging was quantitatively characterized using TEM. It was revealed that during the quenching process of the ultra-large-scale forging, the non-uniform solid-solution cooling rate at different cross-sectional positions—attributed to the size effect—resulted in a significantly higher content of secondary γ" precipitates on the surface than at the core after subsequent aging, leading to notable differences in tensile properties across different positions.
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Mu Hao, Meng Xiangbin, Liu Jide, Zhang Chaowei, Zou Mingke, Wang Liang, Wang Meng, Fan Dahua, Ma Yuejiao, Chu Zhaokuang, Meng Jie, Liang Jingjing, Zhao Yunsong, Liu Chenguang, Zhou Yizhou, Li Qiang, Wang Ruichun, Zhu Chongwei, Li Jinguo
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250559
Abstract:With the promotion and application of new large-sized single crystal superalloy turbine blades with complex air-cooled structures in aviation engines, the demand for single crystal turbine blades has sharply increased, leading to the prominent problem of cost reduction and efficiency improvement of single crystal turbine blades. At present, the growth and defect control technology of large module single crystal superalloy blades is one of the effective ways to reduce costs and increase efficiently of single crystal blades, and it is also an important development direction for the production technology of new single crystal turbine blades. Therefore, combining numerical simulation and experimental verification, the directional solidification process of single crystal superalloy turbine blades with different size modules will be studied to explore the behavior of single crystal growth, the formation law of stray grain, and corresponding control methods. The results show that during the directional solidification process, the liquid isotherm presents an "upward convex" shape, which leads to the inner side of the platform reaching the nucleation condition first, inducing the formation of stray grains in the platform. As the withdrawal rate and module size increase, the degree of "upward convex" of the liquid isotherm will significantly intensify, leading to an increased probability of stray grain formation. By adding graphite regenerator at the center of the module, the uniformity of the temperature field can be effectively improved and the inclination degree of the isotherm can be decreased, which can significantly reduce the probability of stray grain formation and improve blade qualification rate, thereby the problem of cost reduction and efficiency improvement for single crystal blades can be solved.
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Tu cheng ming, Wang jian bao, Feng fan, Zhao dong, Wang zi jie, Jin yu zhong, Lian you yun, Liu xiang
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250572
Abstract:The tensile creep behavior of Y?O?-dispersion-strengthened tungsten (W-Y?O?) alloys prepared via powder metallurgy and high-temperature rotary swaging was investigated at temperatures ranging from 1400 to 1600°C under pressures of 150 to 180 MPa. Changes in grain structure, second-phase particles, and dislocations before and after creep were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Experimental results indicate that the creep performance of rotary-forged W-Y?O? alloys surpasses that of rolled pure tungsten, with a steady-state creep rate ranging from 8.22×10e-7 to 1.76×10e-4—two orders of magnitude lower than rolled pure tungsten. The superior creep performance of rotary-forged W-Y?O? primarily stems from the pinning of grain boundaries and dislocation motion by nanoscale and submicron-sized Y?O? particles, coupled with the suppression of diffusion creep due to thelarger grain aspect ratio.As temperature and creep stress increase, the agglomeration pinning effect of second-phase particles weakens, reducing the grain aspect ratio. The proportion of creep mechanisms dominated by grain boundary slip due to atomic diffusion and recrystallization gradually increases. However, dislocation motion control remains the primary mechanism in the W-Y?O? matri
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Fang Zhijie, Wang Yujing, Mo Man, Mei Lin, Xu Lei, Xiao Zhengbing
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250573
Abstract:A 5xxx series aluminum alloy hot-rolled thick plate with a final rolling temperature of 300?°C was used to systematically investigate the effects of different annealing processes (300–500?°C, 0.5–8?h) on its microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity. The results show that increasing the annealing temperature significantly promotes recrystallization in the surface layer, while recrystallization in the center proceeds more slowly. Due to the high dislocation density and sufficient dynamic recovery introduced during hot rolling, continuous recrystallization via subgrain coalescence and growth dominates in the surface layer during annealing. In contrast, discontinuous recrystallization prevails in the center owing to its lower stored energy and fewer nucleation sites. After annealing at 450?°C for 2?h, the recrystallization fraction reaches 66.6?% at the surface but only 18.9?% in the center. With increasing annealing temperature, hardness and strength decrease, while elongation and electrical conductivity increase. Holding time has a relatively minor influence on mechanical properties, and 2?h is identified as the optimal duration. This study clarifies the mechanism underlying the difference in recrystallization behavior between the surface and center of hot-rolled thick plates during annealing, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing annealing processes.
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Zhang Xuezhe, Wang Yifan, Zheng Hao, Niu Jingzhe, Liu Haiyan, Jia Liang, Liu Nan, Yuan Xinbo
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250578
Abstract:To investigate the influence of heat treatment–induced microstructural evolution on the high-temperature mechanical behavior of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb (TiAl-4822, at.%) alloy at 750 °C, specimens were fabricated via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) and subsequently subjected to various heat treatment conditions to obtain distinct microstructures. The as-fabricated sample exhibited a heterogeneous bimodal structure composed of coarse γ bands and fine-grained duplex regions. After heat treatment at 1330 °C for 0.5 h followed by furnace cooling (FC), the alloy developed a homogeneous duplex microstructure with slightly coarsened grains. Increasing the heat treatment temperature to 1380 °C resulted in pronounced grain growth and the formation of a fully lamellar structure. With rising temperature, α? phases tended to segregate along interlamellar or intergranular regions, establishing the typical Blackburn orientation relationship with the γ phase. Mechanical testing revealed that hardness increased with heat treatment temperature, whereas both tensile strength and ductility at 750 °C decreased compared with the as-fabricated condition. The as- fabricated sample demonstrated superior high-temperature mechanical performance, achieving a tensile strength of 654.67 ± 17.01 MPa and an elongation of 42.5 ± 2.29%, primarily due to the fine γ grains and dense intragranular lamellae formed during rapid solidification. During heat treatment, the α? and γ phases coarsened through orientation-dependent growth to minimize interfacial energy, leading to lamellar thickening. The resulting coarsened lamellae and α? phase enrichment at grain boundaries and interlamellar interfaces served as preferential sites for crack initiation and propagation, thereby reducing ductility. This study elucidates the intrinsic correlations among heat treatment, microstructure, and mechanical behavior in EB-PBF TiAl-4822 alloy, providing valuable insights into tailoring the microstructure and optimizing the high-temperature performance of γ-TiAl alloys through thermal processing
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He Zijian, Yu Bintao, Dou Yankun, He XinFu, Zhang Lin
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250582
Abstract:New reactor materials serve for a long time Under extreme loads and high temperatures. Creep resistance is the key service performance. In this paper, thermal creep experiments with different stresses (170-245MPa) were carried out at 1100K for the candidate material single crystal Mo-14Re alloy for advanced reactors. The creep time of the single crystal Mo-14Re alloy was obtained from 10 h to 780 h, and it was found that the creep of the single crystal Mo-14Re alloy conformed to the standard creep law, and the stress index n was 11.7. The creep mechanism is dislocation reinforcement, and with the increase of creep time, dislocation will form three dislocation derived structures: dislocation wall (substructure), dislocation network and dislocation cell. The above research provides a scientific basis for the research and development and safe service of advanced reactor materials.
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Weikang Fu, Tianyuan Gong, Yi Li, Chenxing Zheng, Xinlong Dong
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250586
Abstract:The microstructural orientation and texture developed during titanium alloy processing have significant effects on its dynamic mechanical behavior, particularly on adiabatic shear characteristics. In this study, the compression anisotropy and adiabatic shear behavior of the α+β TC4 alloy bar were investigated under high strain rates along the extrusion direction (ED) and transverse direction (TD) using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus. The localized deformation evolution and mechanisms were analyzed through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The results reveal that the α-hcp phase in the extruded TC4 bar exhibits an axially symmetric cylindrical fiber texture. The yield strength in the TD is significantly higher than that in the ED; however, the TD shows greater adiabatic shear sensitivity and a higher tendency for adiabatic shear band (ASB) formation. EBSD analysis indicates that the specific crystallographic orientations induced by the extrusion texture influence yielding behavior by affecting the Schmid factors of dislocation slip systems, thereby leading to deformation anisotropy. The extrusion texture along the ED aligns most grains favorably for the activation of the basal slip system in the α-hcp phase, which has a lower critical resolved shear stress (CRSS), resulting in a lower dynamic yield strength compared with the TD. Meanwhile, the more homogeneous deformation among grains and the weaker thermal effect along the ED contribute to its lower adiabatic shear sensitivity. These findings provide insights into the influence of microstructural orientation and texture on adiabatic shear behavior in titanium alloys, offering guidance for texture control and design strategies to enhance resistance to adiabatic shear failure.
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LIU Dan, Ren Jianyu, Chen Weiqiang, Zheng Yusha, QIXING, XI Jianfeng
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250592
Abstract:Rare-earth magnetic materials hold an indispensable strategic position in high-tech fields such as permanent magnets and magnetic refrigeration, owing to the unique characteristics of their 4f electrons: strong spin-orbit coupling, high atomic magnetic moments, and rich electronic energy levels. The multifaceted competitive mechanisms among electron exchange interactions, magnetic multipolar interactions, and crystal field effects in these materials present fundamental challenges to elucidating magnetic phase transition mechanisms and quantum excitation behaviors. Neutron scattering technology, distinguished by its sensitivity to magnetic moments, exceptional penetration capability, and ability to distinguish light elements, serves as a pivotal technique for revealing the microscopic mechanisms of magnetic structures in rare-earth systems. This technique has achieved breakthrough progress in areas including coercivity optimization of rare-earth permanent magnets and regulation of the magnetic entropy change in magnetocaloric materials. This article systematically reviews the fundamental principles and methodologies of neutron scattering technology alongside its cutting-edge applications in investigating magnetic structures within rare-earth magnetic materials, including rare-earth-transition-metal compounds, rare-earth frustrated magnets, and rare-earth low-dimensional magnets. The review aims to provide a foundational reference for advancing research on magnetic structures in rare-earth systems.
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zhaoduo, xiaoxiangyi, xushitong, yaomeiyi, hulijuan, xieyaoping, zhangpeng, heguanze, zhoubangxin
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250599
Abstract:Zirconium alloys are extensively utilized as cladding materials for fuel elements in water-cooled nuclear reactors due to their low thermal neutron absorption cross-section, high thermal conductivity, excellent corrosion resistance, and good compatibility with UO2. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) represent a significant direction for future nuclear energy. However, the simplified design of small water-cooled reactors, which often lack hydrogen addition and oxygen removal facilities or have limited deoxygenation capacity, leads to an elevated concentration of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the primary circuit coolant. This increased DO level can adversely affect the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloy cladding. Sn is an important alloying element for zirconium. Nevertheless, research on the influence of DO on the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys with varying Sn content is scarce. Therefore, this study investigates the corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys with different Sn contents in water at 360 °C/18.6 MPa with different DO concentrations, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for developing zirconium alloy cladding materials for water-cooled SMRs. To explore the effect of Sn content on the corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys in oxygen-enriched water, corrosion tests were conducted on three Zr-xSn-0.35Fe-0.15Cr (x=0.5, 1.0, 1.5, wt%) alloys and a Zr-4 alloy in a dynamic autoclave at 360 °C/18.6 MPa with a DO concentration of 1000 μL/L. The microstructure and phase composition of the alloys and their oxide films were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the second-phase particles (SPPs) in the Zr-xSn-0.35Fe-0.15Cr alloys are primarily composed of two types: fcc-Zr(Fe,Cr)2 and hcp-Zr(Fe,Cr)2. With increasing Sn content, the size and the Fe/Cr atomic ratio of the SPPs increase, while their area fraction decreases. During the 290-day corrosion period, the corrosion kinetics transitioned from a cubic rate law to a parabolic or power-law rate law. An increase in Sn content led to an earlier transition time in the corrosion kinetics and a higher post-transition corrosion rate. The corrosion kinetics shifted from parabolic to power-law behavior, indicating a degradation in corrosion resistance. However, all the Zr-xSn-0.35Fe-0.15Cr alloys exhibited significantly superior corrosion resistance compared to the Zr-4 alloy in the 1000 μL/L DO water environment. This paper discusses the underlying mechanism of how Sn content influences the corrosion behavior in oxygen-enriched water from the perspectives of SPPs oxidation and the microstructural evolution of the oxide film.
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Lu Jinglin, Chen Zixuan, Xue Aitang, Zhang Quanli, Meng Zhibin, Zhang Xiaoyong
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250619
Abstract:Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) have emerged as promising candidates for lightweight, high-strength structural components. Their appeal lies in the potential to surpass the performance limits of conventional homogeneous alloys through strategic design of reinforcements in terms of their type, morphology, and spatial distribution. Concurrently, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) offers a novel paradigm for fabricating complex TMC structures with high material utilization and shortened processing routes, leveraging its dual advantages of near-net shaping and rapid solidification. This review systematically summarizes the current state of research on wire arc additively manufactured TMCs, with a focused discussion on three critical aspects: geometrical integrity, microstructural characteristics, and mechanical properties. The analysis indicates that by optimizing process parameters such as heat input and current mode, and employing auxiliary processes including preheating and maintaining temperature. can effectively mitigate defects such as porosity and cracking, thereby improving dimensional accuracy. The inherent rapid solidification of WAAM, combined with the introduction of reinforcing phases, facilitates grain refinement and enables microstructural control. Furthermore, the strategic design of architectural features such as laminated or network-like structures can lead to significant enhancement in material strength. Future research should focus on a deeper integration of process-microstructure-property relationships to accelerate the broad adoption of this technology in the manufacturing of high-performance components.
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Liu Yue, Jiang He, Yao Zhihao, Dong jianxin
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250621
Abstract:In this study, the as-cast microstructure of a GH3536 electroslag ingot, produced via a vacuum induction melting plus electroslag remelting duplex process, was systematically examined using multiple characterization techniques. These included optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), extracted phase analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermodynamic calculations. Furthermore, the microstructural evolution following homogenization heat treatment and the results of hot compression simulations were analyzed to identify an appropriate homogenization process for the alloy. The results demonstrate that molybdenum (Mo) is the primary segregating element in the alloy. In addition to the austenitic matrix, the electroslag ingot contains two types of carbides: M??C?, enriched with chromium (Cr), and M?C, enriched with Mo. After homogenization heat treatment at 1180?°C for 48?h, the coarse secondary phases were largely dissolved, and elemental segregation was significantly reduced. Consequently, the homogenized alloy exhibited excellent hot workability.
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Chen Youhong, Lan Bo, Sun Xing, Li Kai
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250623
Abstract:Aiming at the high-temperature fatigue failure risk of GH4710 alloy turbine disks for aero-engines, the fatigue crack growth behavior of the alloy at 750℃, 815℃ and 850℃ was systematically studied, the temperature influence mechanism was revealed, and a temperature-dependent model was established. The results show that grain boundary oxidation weakening is the dominant factor for accelerated crack growth at high temperatures. When the temperature increases from 750℃ to 850℃, the fatigue crack growth rate of the alloy increases significantly, the fatigue life decreases by 74.7%, and the fracture mechanism transforms from transgranular dominance to intergranular dominance. The range of 815~850 ℃ is the critical mutation temperature range for fatigue performance, and below this temperature, the alloy has a wider stress intensity factor range ( ΔK) and better crack growth resistance. Based on the Paris equation, an Arrhenius-type temperature correction term was introduced to establish the model: da/dN=9.783×10^(-7)×exp?(-3557.068/T) (ΔK)^3.183 (T is absolute temperature, K). Within the range of ΔK =20~65 MPa·m?·?, the error between the model predictions and experimental data is less than 10%, which can accurately characterize the fatigue crack growth behavior of the alloy in the temperature range of 750~850℃. This study provides theoretical support for the damage tolerance design, high-temperature service life prediction and critical temperature early warning of GH4710 alloy turbine disks.
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Wang Xiao, Luo Guoqiang, Wei Qinqin, Dai Xiangping, Shen Qiang
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250629
Abstract:Conventional cobalt-based superalloys are limited in high-temperature properties due to the lack of coherent strengthening phases. The discovery of the L12-structured γ′-Co3(Al, W) phase has initiated the research on novel cobalt-based superalloys. This paper systematically reviews the recent progress in this field, covering composition design, processing techniques, microstructure, mechanical properties, and application status. The compositional strategies, including multi-component alloying and density reduction, are elaborated. Combined with typical cases, the breakthroughs of additive manufacturing technology in suppressing segregation and cracking are discussed. Furthermore, strengthening models are introduced to quantitatively analyze the influence of γ′ phase characteristic parameters on strength. In addition, the key mechanisms for improving high-temperature oxidation and hot corrosion resistance are deeply discussed. Finally, the application progress of these alloys in aero-engine hot-end components and high-temperature tools and molds is summarized, and future development directions regarding microstructural stability and engineering fabrication are proposed.
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Wang Ruixin, Zhang Yong, Zhang Yitian, Liu Jiahui, Ma Lei, Han Xiaoliang, Wang Hui, Song Kaikai
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250639
Abstract:High-entropy alloys demonstrate outstanding comprehensive performance due to their revolutionary multi-component design concept, making them ideal materials for achieving structural-function integration. The laser cladded high-entropy alloy coatings combines the performance advantages of high-entropy alloys with the technical advantages of laser cladding, achieving a high-quality balance among surface performance, mechanical performance, and functional performance, and showing great potential for engineering applications. This paper starts from the "process-microstructure-performance" relationship and the intrinsic mechanism. The preparation methods and optimization strategies are summarized. The microstructure, performance and performance improvement mechanisms under single and coupled conditions are revealed. The potential application scenarios and the problems that need to be solved urgently in current applications and the future development direction are disccused.
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Gong Zhiwen, Li Wangyun, Lin Yichun, Hu Fei, Cai Huihong, Yue Wu
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250644
Abstract:This study investigates the impact of low density current stressing on the shear performance of thermally aged Sn58Bi solder joints and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. Cu/Sn58Bi/Cu joints were subjected to isothermal aging at 120 °C for different durations (0 h, 240 h, 480 h, 720 h, 960 h, 1200 h, 1440 h, 1680 h) and tested under current densities of 0, 1×103, 2×103, and 3×103 A/cm2. The results indicate a non-monotonic "rise-fall" trend in the shear strength of aged joints with increasing current density. Notably, a maximum strength increase of 12.85 % was observed in joint aged for 480 h under a current density of 2×103 A/cm2, comparing with the unaged and current-free ones. This strengthening behavior at 480 h is primarily attributed to two mechanisms: (1) the applied current promotes the multiplication of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), elevating strength via dislocation strengthening; and (2) higher current density facilitates an increase in the subgrain fraction of the Bi phase, which effectively impedes dislocation motion. Conversely, at higher current densities, shear strength decreases due to Joule heating, which induces thermal mismatch and compromises the interfacial bonding between the interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMC) layer and the solder matrix. These findings provide theoretical insights for the reliability assessment of low-temperature solder joints in electronic packaging.
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Zhi Gejie, Zhang Jinghuai, Bao Rirong, He Yuying, Qiu Xin, Yang Qiang, Xie Jinshu, Liu Shujuan, Zhang Xiaobo
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250647
Abstract:To address the challenge of synergistically improving the strength and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys, the effects of extrusion temperatures (360 °C and 380 °C) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of the Mg-2Zn-0.8Mn-0.7Gd-0.3Ca alloy were systematically investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), tensile tests, immersion tests, and electrochemical measurements. The results show that the most significant microstructural effect of increasing the extrusion temperature to 380 °C is the remarkable promotion of dynamic precipitation of α-Mn nanoparticles. These precipitated phases pin the grain boundaries and inhibit grain growth. Through the combined effects of second-phase strengthening and grain refinement strengthening, the yield strength of the alloy is increased from 202 MPa to 244 MPa. Meanwhile, after stable immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the surface film resistance of the alloy is enhanced from 2238 ohm cm2 to 4811 ohm cm2, and the corrosion rate is reduced from 1.325 mm·y-1 to 0.839 mm·y-1. The improved protective performance of the film may be associated with the precipitation of dispersed nano-sized α-Mn particles. By simply adjusting the hot extrusion process, this study achieves the simultaneous enhancement of strength and corrosion resistance, providing a new perspective for the design of high-strength and corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys.
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Xu Yangtao, Ban Yanpeng, Wang Yi, Yang Guiyan, Xu Peng, Shi Tian
Available online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250652
Abstract:Mixed copper anodes have become the inevitable choice for industrial electrolytic refining, but the anode passivation issues caused by impurity elements severely impact industrial production and cathode copper quality. The mechanism by which arsenic effectively suppresses anodic passivation remains unclear. This study investigates the influence of arsenic on anodic passivation behavior and its inhibition mechanism by analyzing the anodic polarization curve, constant-current oxidation curve, and constant-potential oxidation curve during the electrolysis of cast arsenic-containing mixed copper anodes. The anodic surface is characterized using AFM, while the passivation film and anodic sludge undergo XRD, SEM, and XPS characterization. The results indicate that an increase in arsenic content within the anode leads to a significant rise in its passivation potential and active dissolution time. Dissolution at the anode surface becomes more uniform, and the inhibitory effect on anodic passivation becomes increasingly pronounced. The passivation film primarily consists of Cu?O, while the anode sludge mainly comprises As?O? and Cu?As. The H+ ions generated by arsenic dissolution lower the pH at the anode surface, inhibiting the formation of the Cu?O passivation film. Higher arsenic content in the anode results in a more porous anode sludge structure that is prone to detachment. The lower passivation threshold for arsenic is 0.02 wt.%; below this value, the anode exhibits increased passivation tendencies. Copper scrap anodes with higher arsenic content are less prone to passivation.
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