金属增材制造过程凝固微结构选择图谱的研究现状及展望

Research Status and Prospects of Solidification Microstructure Selection Maps in Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes

摘要:

金属增材制造因其逐点逐层成型的特性，可以高效精确成型传统材料生产工艺难以制造的复杂结构零部件。但金属材料增材制造过程温度梯度大、冷却速率快，为强烈非平衡过程，导致其凝固微观组织出现裂纹，进而影响材料力学性能。因此，对金属增材制造过程凝固微观结构的控制是进行高性能材料设计的核心。凝固微结构选择图谱是以成分/工艺参数为横纵坐标，建立成分/工艺参数-凝固微结构映射关系的有力工具，能够预测和调控金属材料增材制造过程的凝固微结构。本文详细总结了当前凝固微结构选择图谱的种类，归纳了其构建方法，并详细综述了近年来不同种类凝固微结构选择图谱在金属增材制造过程中的应用。最后对凝固微结构选择图谱在新种类、创新构建方法及潜在应用价值上进行了展望。

Abstract:

Metal additive manufacturing, characterized by its point-by-point and layer-by-layer forming process, enables the efficient and precise fabrication of complex structural components that are difficult to produce with traditional manufacturing techniques. However, the metal additive manufacturing process involves large temperature gradients and rapid cooling rates, constituting a highly non-equilibrium process that may lead to crack formation within the solidified microstructure, thereby influencing the mechanical properties of the material. Consequently, the control of solidification microstructure during metal additive manufacturing is pivotal for designing materials with superior mechanical properties. The solidification microstructure selection map serves as a tool that establishes a mapping relationship between composition/process parameters (used as both horizontal and vertical axes) and solidification microstructure, enabling the prediction and regulation of solidification microstructures in metal additive manufacturing processes. This review provided a comprehensive summary of the current types of solidification microstructure selection maps, outlined their construction methodologies, and summarized the applications of various solidification microstructure selection maps in metal additive manufacturing processes for recent years. Lastly, this review offered insights into the prospects of solidification microstructure selection maps in terms of novel types, innovative construction approaches, and potential application values.