2026,Volume 55, Issue 7

>Special Issue：High Temperature Alloy

• Effects of Mo and W on Microstructure Stability of DZ409 Nickel-Based Superalloy at 900 °C/1000 h

  Wu Baoping, Fu Yuanyuan, Wu Jiantao, Li Longfei, Luan Meiqi

  2026,55(7):1724-1732 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250064

  Abstract(29) HTML(61) PDF(6.47 M)( 28)

  Abstract:Nickel-based superalloys for heavy-duty gas turbines usually have a high Cr content, but the high Cr content makes it difficult to optimize the composition design of the alloy. In particular, in order to avoid the precipitation of harmful topologically close-packed (TCP) phases, the content of solution-strengthening elements W and Mo is limited. In this work, the effects of W and Mo content changes on the γ/γ′ two-phase state and TCP phase precipitation of nickel-based directional superalloy DZ409 for gas turbines aged at 900 °C for 1000 h were studied by multi-component diffusion multi-junction technique. The results show that when the Mo content remains unchanged, the volume fraction of the γ′ phase decreases slightly as the W content increases from 3.8wt% to 4.3wt%, the size of the γ′ phase decreases, and its morphology remains spherical. When the W content exceeds 4.3wt%, σ and P phases begin to precipitate in the alloy. When the Mo content increases from 1.4wt% to 1.6wt%, and the W content decreases from 4.0wt% to 3.3wt%, the volume fraction of the γ′ phase increases slightly, the size of the γ′ phase decreases, and the morphology remains square. After the Mo content exceeds 1.6wt%, the σ phase and P phase are precipitated in the alloy. According to the APT tip reconstruction diagram and the ion distribution map of each major element, it can be seen that the increase in W content will promote the precipitation of TCP phase, and the addition of Mo while reducing W content will also promote the precipitation of TCP phase of the alloy, mainly because the enrichment of W, Cr, and other elements in the γ matrix makes the total amount of refractory elements in the γ phase exceed the solid solution limit of γ matrix.

• Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High-Boron Ni-Based Superalloy

  Han Shaoli, Shang Hang, Hou Jie, Liu Tianyu, Li Shangping

  2026,55(7):1741-1747 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20240824

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  Abstract:The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a high-boron Ni₃Al-based superalloy was investigated by scanning electron microscope, tensile test and stress rupture test. The results show that when the solid solution temperature increases from 1080 ℃ to 1150 ℃, the volume fraction of γ′ phase in dendrite trunk decreases gradually, the morphology changes from blocky to spherical, and fine tertiary γ′ phases are precipitated inside the γ channel. When the temperature rises from 1080 ℃ to 1120 ℃, the skeleton-like primary borides are partially dissolved, and the granular secondary borides are precipitated. The precipitation tendency of secondary borides is increased with the increase in temperature, and the borides are completely dissolved when the temperature rises to 1150 ℃. After aging at 900 ℃ for 10 h, the alloy solid-solution-treated at 1080 ℃ achieves the ultimate tensile strength of 900 MPa during the tensile test at 800 ℃ and the stress rupture life of 144.5 h under the condition of 580 MPa/800 ℃, exhibiting the best comprehensive mechanical properties. Therefore, the optimal heat treatment process of the test alloy is 1080 ℃×4 h→air cooling+900 ℃×10 h→air cooling.

• Effect of Short-Time Vacuum Heat Treatment on Surface Microstructure of Second-Generation Ni-based Single-Crystal Superalloy

  Xiong Jiangying, Wang Chong, Zhu Xiaomin, Li Weiming, Duan Fangmiao

  2026,55(7):1758-1765 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250063

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  Abstract:The surface composition and microstructure evolution of a second-generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy were investigated during vacuum solution heat treatment. The effects of adding argon partial pressure and not adding argon partial pressure on the surface layer of casting were studied. Results show that during the high-temperature vacuum heat treatment of the test bars, when argon partial pressure is applied during solution heat treatment, a Cr-depleted layer forms on the surface, exhibiting three-layer structure: transition layer (adjacent to the substrate) composed of γ′ phase and topologically close-packed (TCP) phase; sub-surface layer composed of γ′ phase, TCP phase, and β phase; surface layer composed of γ′ phase and β phases. In this case, Al and Ni are deposited on the surface. Conversely, when heat treatment is conducted without argon partial pressure, a Cr-depleted layer still forms, but with a two-layer structure: transition layer composed of γ′ phase and TCP phase and surface layer composed of γ′ phase, TCP phase, and β phase. During vacuum heat treatment, reactions such as volatilization, deposition, oxidation, and diffusion of surface elements occur simultaneously. Depending on the temperature, vacuum level, and argon partial pressure, condensation layer, depletion layer, and interdiffusion layer may be formed on the surface. This study analyzed these phenomena in detail based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of relevant reactions.

• High-Temperature Compression Creep Behaviour and Mechanism of Ti-47.5Al-6.8Nb-0.2W-xY Alloy by Spark Plasma Sintering

  Yu Hongbao, Zhou Yujun, Yu Hongyan, Xiao Shulong, Tang Bin, Lu Zhao

  2026,55(7):1766-1774 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250151

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  Abstract:Ti-47.5Al-6.8Nb-0.2W-xY (x=0,0.1,0.2, at%) alloys were prepared by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering processes, and the effects of Y microalloying on the high-temperature compression creep properties of Ti-47.5Al-6.8 Nb-0.2W alloys were investigated by SEM, EBSD and TEM. Creep experiments were carried out at 800–850 ℃, with a stress of 250 MPa and a time of 50 h. The results show that the Ti-47.5Al-6.8Nb-0.2W-xY alloys are all composed of equiaxial γ grains, the bulk α₂ and B2 phases at γ grain boundaries, and α₂/γ lamellar colonies. The added Y mainly exists in the form of Al₂Y particles at the grain boundaries to form a chain structure and Y can refine the grains and increase the α₂/γ lamellar colonies. When the Y content is increased from 0 to 0.2at%, the grain size is reduced from 12.1 μm to 7.8 μm, exhibiting the most significant refining effect. After creep, γ grains in the alloy are slightly flattened, accompanied by lamellar bending and degradation phenomena, and a large number of fine recrystallized grains and spherical B2 phase appear within the lamellar clusters. Creep temperature increase can promote the formation of dynamic recrystallisation. The addition of Y significantly improves the compressive creep properties of the alloy. At 800 ℃, the maximum creep strain of the 0.2Y alloy is 8.96%, and the steady creep rate is 4.01×10^–7 s^–1, reduced by 32.83% and 38.31% compared with those of the alloy without Y, respectively. The improvement in the mechanical properties of the alloys is attributed to the precipitation strengthening of the second phase Al₂Y particles, lamellar refinement, and reduction of the B2 phase.

• Research Methods and Design Basis for Cogging Process of Large-Scale GH4738 Superalloy

  Sun Panhe, Zhang Hengnian, Zhang Shaohui, Li Xin, Jiang He, Yao Zhihao, Dong Jianxin

  2026,55(7):1807-1815 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250115

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  Abstract:The distribution and evolution of the internal grain structure of large-scale GH4738 alloy during the complex continuous deformation cogging process, based on the process sequentiality and organizational heredity, were investigated by employing a finite element model combined with secondary development methods, providing a general approach for process design and outcome prediction. Finite element simulation calculations were conducted based on the actual billet preparation process of GH4738 superalloy with Ф660 mm grade, comparing the simulation results with the grain size at corresponding positions of the actual billets to verify the reliability and accuracy of the established model. Utilizing this model, typical upsetting and cogging processes were analyzed, and the effects of process parameters on the microstructural evolution of the billet during multiple deformation passes were discussed, along with methods for process formulation. Results show that during the upsetting process, as the upsetting speed increases, the deformation temperature decreases, the reduction amount decreases, and the degree of dynamic recrystallization within the billet decreases. In the cogging process, as the upsetting speed decreases, the cogging temperature increases, the feed amount decreases, and the degree of dynamic recrystallization within the billet increases. Furthermore, based on the specific analysis, it is recommended to control the upsetting speed during the upsetting process between 5 and 12 mm/s; the initial upsetting temperature should be 1160 °C; the single-pass reduction amount should be controlled between 25% and 35%. The cogging process is more complex than the upsetting process. Taking into account the factors such as grain refinement within the billet, surface temperature drop during the cogging process, and the occurrence of the "concave center" phenomenon, the upsetting speed is controlled between 60 and 90 mm/s; the second cogging temperature is chosen between 1120 and 1130 °C; the feed amount is controlled between 200 and 350 mm.

• Effect of Mo Content on Carbides at GBs and High-Temperature Tensile Properties of Inconel617 Alloy

  Liu Yuxuan, Ou Meiqiong, Ma Jing, Gao Ming, Chen Lingzhi, Hao Xianchao, Ma Yingche

  2026,55(7):1816-1822 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250132

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  Abstract:Inconel617 alloy has significant application potential in Generation IV nuclear energy systems. The effects of Mo content on carbide precipitation at grain boundaries (GBs) and high-temperature tensile properties of Inconel617 alloy were studied by mechanical testing and advanced techniques such as scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and electron backscatter diffractometer. The results show that there are only fine granular M₂₃C₆ carbide at GBs when the Mo content ranges from 8wt% to 9wt%. However, as Mo content increases from 9.3wt% to 9.6wt%, massive M₂₃C₆ and M₆C carbides could be predominantly observed at GBs. As Mo content increases from 8.0wt% to 9.6wt%, the elongation increases initially and then decreases, and the alloys with the Mo content of 8.5wt%–9.3wt% achieve optimal strength-ductility balance. The fractographic analysis reveals that the precipitation of granular M₂₃C₆ at GBs effectively strengthens grain boundaries, resulting in the transgranular fracture features on the high-temperature tensile fracture surface. When massive M₂₃C₆ and M₆C carbides precipitate at GBs, the initiation of intergranular crack is promoted and the intergranular fracture features are observed on the high-temperature tensile fracture surface. The Mo content of Inconel617 alloy for high-temperature components in Generation IV nuclear systems cannot exceed 9.3wt% and it should be controlled with in the range of 8.5wt%-9wt%

• Microstructure Regulation Mechanisms and Intermediate Temperature Mechanical Behavior of GH4698 Alloy

  Zhao Qianmin, Zhao Xinbao, Jin Jufeng, Zheng Zheshuai, Yue Quanzhao, Xia Wanshun, Li Pei, Gu Yuefeng, Zhang Ze

  2026,55(7):1823-1832 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250137

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  Abstract:Diverse heat treatment schedules were designed and their effects on microstructural evolution and tensile properties at 750 ℃ were investigated by SEM, EDS, TEM, and mechanical testing. The results demonstrate that multi-stage heat treatment schedules lead to a multi-modal size distribution of γ′ precipitates within the alloy, where fine γ′ precipitates contribute to strength, while coarse γ′ phases enhance ductility. At 750 ℃, the alloy subjected to the heat treatment of 1030 ℃/4 h, AC+1000 ℃/4 h, AC+875 ℃/16 h, AC+725 ℃/16 h, AC develops a trimodal γ′ phase distribution. This microstructure balances the strength between intragranular and grain boundary regions, facilitating the transfer of dislocation slip and enhancing the ductility of the alloy. The alloy exhibits the best overall mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 706 MPa and an elongation after fracture of 9.3%.

• Effect of Heat Treatment Process on Recrystallization of Directional-Solidified Superalloy 4777DS

  Zhang Qiongyuan, Zhang Ziyue, Yang Atao, Lv Mengxue, He Qungong, Yao Zhihao, Wang Haiyang, Dong Jianxin

  2026,55(7):1833-1839 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250141

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  Abstract:The effects of different heat treatment processes, alloy states, and stress relief annealing processes on recrystallization defects in 4777DS superalloy were studied using SEM and EBSD. SEM observation shows that the γ′ phase near the surface of the sandblasted sample undergoes deformation, changing from an initial butterfly shape to a long strip distribution on the alloy surface. The observation of recrystallization of the alloy after insulation at different heat treatment temperatures shows that the temperature at which recrystallization occurs is 1055 ℃. When the heat treatment temperature is higher than the dissolution temperature of the γ′ phase, recrystallization presents an equiaxed morphology, while when the heat treatment temperature is lower than the dissolution temperature of the γ′ phase, it presents a cellular recrystallization morphology. With the prolongation of heat treatment time, the proportion of large angle grain boundaries decreases, and the resulting annealing twins help to reduce distortion energy. A comparison of recrystallization behavior under different initial alloy states reveals that the as-cast alloy exhibits the highest tendency for recrystallization. In line with practical engineering requirements, a shorter annealing time can effectively reduce the recrystallization degree of alloys.

• Study on Influence and Mechanisms of Mixed-Grain Structures on the Rupture Creep Properties of Nickel-Based Wrought Superalloys

  Ren Junyu, Zhao Zhanglong, Zhai Xueting, Wan Zhipeng, Zhu Wenxuan, Lai Yunjin, Ma Kuan, Wang Tao

  2026,55(7):1840-1848 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250433

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  Abstract:Through controlling forging and heat treatment processes of nickel-based wrought superalloy, the microstructures with coarse grain volume fractions ranging continuously from 0% to 100% were prepared, and the stress rupture properties of different mixed-grain structures were tested under the condition of 730 ℃/530 MPa to explore the influence regularity and mechanism of mixed-grain structures on the stress rupture properties. The research results show that the mixed-grain structures with coarse grain volume fractions from 0% to 100% exhibit significantly different stress rupture properties. The mixed-grains structure with coarse grain volume fraction of 15% presents the shortest stress rupture life, while the coarse-grained structure with coarse grain volume fraction of 100% possesses the longest stress rupture life. The high-temperature stress rupture fracture surfaces of the mixed-grain structure specimens with low coarse grain volume fraction from 0% to 15% show typical ductile fracture characteristics, whereas those of the specimens with high coarse grain volume fraction from 50% to 100% present intergranular fracture characteristics. The high-temperature stress rupture deformation mechanisms of all mixed-grain structure specimens take the form of intragranular deformation governed by dislocation motion and grain boundary sliding. However, with the increase in coarse grain volume fraction, the high-temperature stress rupture properties of the superalloy are improved as the strong textures on the {111} crystal planes is changed, the internal dislocation distribution in coarse and fine grains is inhomogeneous, and the tendencies of stress concentration and cavity nucleation induced by dislocation pile-up and grain boundary sliding are significantly changed.

>Special Issue： aluminium alloy

• Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance of (Ti₂Al₂₀La+Al₃Ti)/Al-7Si Composites

  An Jiazhi, Liu Quanfeng, Ding Wanwu, Wei Guoli, Yu Haicun, Yang Chengliang

  2026,55(7):1641-1650 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250374

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  Abstract:(Ti₂Al₂₀La+Al₃Ti)/Al-7Si composites rich in Ti₂Al₂₀La and Al₃Ti reinforcement phases were prepared by the melt blending method. The influence of the addition amount of Al-Ti-La alloy on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the composites was analyzed. Results reveal that the (Ti₂Al₂₀La+Al₃Ti)/Al-7Si composite (adding 10wt% Al-Ti-La alloy into the Al-7Si alloy) is composed of fine α-Al grains, short rod-like eutectic Si, and blocky Al₃Ti and Ti₂Al₂₀La phases. The tensile strength, elongation, and hardness of the composite are 176.9 MPa, 11.62%, and 73.2 HV, increased by 13.4%, 57.0%, and 26.2% compared with those of the Al-7Si alloy, respectively. It is suggested that the (Ti₂Al₂₀La+Al₃Ti)/Al-7Si composite exhibits relatively high plasticity. Furthermore, the wear resistance of the composites is increased by 20.1%. The performance enhancement is attributed to two key mechanisms. One is the formation of Al₃Ti transition layer at the interface between the Al₃Ti reinforcement phase and the aluminum matrix, which establishes a semi-coherent relationship with Al₃Ti phase. The other is the adsorption of element Si by element La within the Ti₂Al₂₀La reinforcement phase, leading to Si enrichment at the edges of the Ti₂Al₂₀La phase and thereby forming a semi-coherent Si layer.

• Influence of Ce Addition on Microstructure and Properties of 1060 Current Collector Battery Aluminum Foil

  Zhao Xingchi, Li Ruixue, Li Penghao, Li Wanying, Li Jilin, Jiang Bo, Du Xinwei

  2026,55(7):1664-1672 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250416

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  Abstract:Commercially applied 1060 current collector battery aluminum foil was selected as the base material for the addition of rare-earth element Ce. Melting, degassing, filtration, hot rolling, and cold rolling processes were conducted on the Ce-added aluminum foil. The influence of Ce addition on the 1060 current collector battery aluminum foil was analyzed. Results indicate that AlCeSi intermetallic phases are generated in the 1060 current collector battery aluminum foil and act as heterogeneous nucleation sites, therefore refining the grains. In the cold rolling deformation process, the Ce-containing secondary phase particles at the grain boundary produces a strong Zener pinning effect, increases the dislocation density, and inhibits the recrystallization. Consequently, the mechanical properties of the aluminum foil are enhanced through the synergistic actions of grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening. Ce addition also reduces the impurity element solubility in the matrix, modifies lattice distortion scattering, and therefore enhances electrical conductivity. Adding the rare-earth element Ce can refine grains and promotes the positive shift of corrosion potential, thereby improving the corrosion resistance.

• Microstructure and High-Strain-Rate Superplasticity of Friction Stir Processed Al-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy with Low Magnesium Content

  Mei Lin, Sun Yongbo, Xie Jing, Chen Xingpin

  2026,55(7):1716-1723 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250070

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  Abstract:The effect of speed ratio factor of friction stir processing on microstructure, microhardness and superplasticity of Al-3Mg-0.1Sc-0.1Zr alloy was investigated. The results show that with the increase in speed ratio factor and heat input, the area of stir zone and the grain size are increased, the dynamic recrystallization is more complete, while the peak hardness in stir zone is decreased. All alloys processed at different speed ratio factors show high-strain-rate superplasticity when they are tensile-tested at 475 ℃ with strain rate of 10^–2 s^–1. Three types of true stress-true strain curves are observed during tensile tests. The optimal elongation of 2500% is achieved in the alloy processed with a speed ratio factor of 4, and significant strain hardening occurs before tensile fracture, which improves the common softening loss of stress at the later stage of superplastic forming, implying high engineering application value. The outstanding superplasticity is mainly attributed to equiaxed fine grains with excellent thermal stability and a high proportion of high angle grain boundaries. Based on the analysis of grain aspect ratio, cavity evolution, and morphology of fracture profile, the dominant mechanism of superplastic deformation under all speed ratio factors is grain boundary sliding.

• Effect of Trace Doping Ce Element on Microstructure, Texture and Magnetostrictive Behavior of Polycrystalline Fe₈₁Al₁₉ Alloys

  Hao Hongbo, He Zhenghua, Li Weijie, Yang Enshen, Zhou Lei, Liu Jiande, Zhang Haoyu, Zhou Ge, Sha Yuhui, Chen Lijia

  2026,55(7):1748-1757 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250049

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  Abstract:Fe-Al alloys exhibit excellent mechanical properties, low cost, and moderate magnetostriction, making it a promising magnetostrictive material. The polycrystalline (Fe₈₁Al₁₉)_100-xCe_x (x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, at%) alloys were prepared by arc melting. The effect of trace doping rare earth elements Ce on the microstructure, texture, and magnetostrictive behavior of Fe₈₁Al₁₉ alloys was investigated. Results show that the trace doping of the Ce element transforms the equiaxed crystals into columnar crystals, thus significantly improving the volume fraction of favorable η texture. The columnar crystal characteristics gradually weaken with the increase in Ce content, leading to weakening of η texture and an increase in the volume fraction of α and γ texture. With the increase in Ce content, a large amount of Ce-rich phases form at grain boundaries and within the grains. Among them, the phases at grain boundaries are mainly composed of Ce-Al-rich phases, while the phases within the grains is a composite secondary phase of Ce-Al wrapped around the Fe-Ce-rich phase. The magnetostriction of Fe₈₁Al₁₉ alloy is significantly enhanced by trace doping of Ce element. The peak magnetostriction of 153 ppm is obtained at the Ce element of 0.05at%, with an enhancement of 89% compared to the magnetostriction of a binary alloy. This improvement in magnetostriction is attributed to more columnar crystals containing η textures and the formation of more nanoheterogeneous phases owing to solid solution of trace Ce element .

• Effect of Discharge Energy on Interface Morphology of LA103Z/1060Al Dissimilar Materials in Electromagnetic Pulse Welding

  Sun Suiping, Xie Jilin, Liu Guanpeng, Wang Shanlin, Zhang Timing, Chen Yuhua

  2026,55(7):1783-1792 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250095

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  Abstract:The connections of dissimilar materials LA103Z magnesium-lithium alloy and 1060Al alloy were achieved by electromagnetic pulse welding (EMPW). The effects of discharge energy on interface morphology, wave formation mechanisms, and element diffusion were systematically investigated through numerical simulations and experiments. The results indicate that the induced magnetic field and current are determined by the welding current's magnitude and rate of change, respectively. The increase in discharge energy enhances the Lorentz force experienced by 1060Al, thereby increasing the impact velocity, while the impact angle almost remains unaffected. The rebound phenomenon, which alters the contact state between the flyer plate and the target plate, is identified as the key factor in forming the annular weld seam. Both the simulated and actual interface morphologies are sinusoidal, with the amplitude increasing from 3.02 μm at 32 kJ to 6.48 μm at 38 kJ. The wave formation is attributed to shear-induced instability and metal-plastic flow triggered by high-speed collision. No melting is observed at the interface. The maximum shear strength of the joint reaches 90.38% of that of the aluminum base material. Numerical simulations confirm that the interface temperature remains below the melting points of both base materials, which is critical for improving the mechanical performance of the joint.

• Recovery and Leaching Behavior of Gallium During Hydrolysis of Bulk Soluble Aluminum Alloys

  Zhang Jianbin, Wang Dingmengjie, Zhang Jianjun, Wang Baodui

  2026,55(7):1793-1800 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250098

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  Abstract:Al-Ga-Mg-Sn soluble aluminum alloy was selected for a one-step hydrometallurgical technique. Acid leaching agents, including organic acid solutions (e.g., oxalic, malic, and acetic solutions) and inorganic acid solutions (e.g., nitric acid) were used. The type of leaching agent, pH value, temperature, and solution concentration are key factors influencing the recovery of Ga during hydrogen production. Recovery results show that under the temperature of 70 ℃ and the agent concentration of 0.2 mol·L^–1, the organic acid solution successfully recovers gallium, with oxalic acid exhibiting the highest recovery efficiency (86.88%), followed by malic acid (73.40%) and acetic acid (13.17%). In contrast, the inorganic acid (nitric acid) solution fails to recover gallium. Oxalic acid, with an initial pH value of approximately 3.8, achieves a recovery efficiency of 94.38% under 70 °C/0.3 mol·L^–1 and 93.78% under 90 °C/0.2 mol·L^–1. The leaching behavior of gallium was then tested and analyzed based on changes in pH value, shape of the recovered gallium, solid particle size and Zeta potential of the product during the hydrolysis process. The results show that the recovery of gallium from oxalic acid leachate increases with the decrease in particle size of the product and increase in absolute value of Zeta potential. The highest recovery efficiency (94.38%) is achieved with a product particle size of 155 nm and a Zeta potential value of –31.29 mV.

>Special Issue：titanium alloy

• Formation Mechanism of Precipitation-Free Zone in TB18 Alloy Structure

  Lei Qiang, An Xinglong, Liu Xianghong, He Longlong, Zhao Gen'an, Shang Jinjin, Qiu Fucheng, Wang Tao, Luo Wenzhong, Lin Xin

  2026,55(7):1625-1631 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250359

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  Abstract:TB18 alloy bars were used as the research object, and the formation mechanism of the precipitation-free zone (PFZ) was investigated through microstructure characterization, composition analysis, and phase structure analysis. Results show that after solution treatment of 870 °C×120 min+aging treatment of 525 °C×240 min, discontinuous white bright spot-like pure-β PFZs exist in the middle region of the cross-section of TB18 alloy bars. During the isothermal aging, the α? phase is preferentially precipitated and grows at the β grain boundaries. With the prolongation of aging time, PFZs are decreased to a certain extent but still remain. Composition analysis reveals that in PFZs, Mo content is relatively higher, Nb content is relatively lower, and Ti-Nb clusters exist. During solution treatment, the metastable β phase decomposes into β′′ phase which is rich in β-stabilizing elements and β′ phase which lacks β-stabilizing elements. The β′ phase can serve as a nucleation substrate for the α phase, whereas the regions rich in β-stabilizing elements and Ti-Nb clusters will inhibit the precipitation of α phase, ultimately leading to the formation of PFZs. This study provides a theoretical basis for the process optimization of TB18 alloy.

• Wall Thickness Homogenization Control and Performance of Superplastically Formed Hemispherical Shell of TC4 Titanium Alloy

  Ji Wei, Zhang Zhaohuang, Lu Zichuan, Wei Shi, Qiu Xuyangfan, Zhang Xuhu

  2026,55(7):1683-1691 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250526

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  Abstract:Spherical and capsule-shaped surface tension tanks are widely used in satellite, spacecraft, and other fields due to their advantages of lightweight structure, high efficiency, and high reliability. With the advancement of space exploration, the demands for thinner walls, more complex structures, and uniform overall performance in the hemispherical shells of these tanks present significant challenges for hemispherical shell forming technique. A hemispherical shell with uniform wall thickness was prepared using the rapid direct-and-reverse superplastic forming method. Results reveal that the properties and microstructure of each section of the formed hemisphere shell are consistent with those of the initial plate, and the overall shell thickness is highly uniform.

• Optimization of Integral Investment Casting Process for Large-Scale and Complex Thick-Walled Titanium Alloy Castings in Gas Turbines

  Ran Xing, Chen Yisi, Wen Di, Long Xingquan, Gao Xiaohui, He Liangju, Li Peijie

  2026,55(7):1701-1708 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250073

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  Abstract:Large-scale and complex thick-walled titanium alloy casings produced by investment casting are key components in heavy-duty gas turbine. Characterized by their large contour size, substantial wall thicknesses, and complex shapes, these castings often face challenges such as difficult monolithic molding, numerous shrinkage pore and shrinkage cavity defects, and low dimensional accuracy, limiting the assembly and use of high-power gas turbines. The solidification temperature field and flow field during centrifugal investment casting process were investigated using the ProCAST software. Results show that the potential isolated liquid phase regions are identified. According to the characteristics of centrifugal casting, the mathematical models for designing spiral runner and inclined riser are derived. Based on this, an integrated gating system is developed, which combines exhaust gas and slag collection, flow regulation, and temperature field optimization, thereby significantly reducing solidification defects in castings. Furthermore, a wax mold splicing scheme is designed, and a wax mold tree for the gating system is constructed, featuring a straight runner, cross runner, and inner runner with cross-sectional area ratios of 1:2.5:6. Additionally, through the integration of dimensional calibration and shell reinforcement tooling, high-quality castings with complete filling, good metallurgical quality, and precise dimensional accuracy are achieved. This work provides effective technical guidance for the manufacturing of titanium alloy casings in heavy-duty gas turbines, and the gating system configuration offers reference value for other large-scale and complex thick-walled titanium alloy castings.

• Effect of V on Mechanical Properties and Electronic Structure of β-Type Titanium Alloys

  Yu Junbo, Zhang Yonggang, Dai Yi, Hou Zhimin, Yan Bingyao, Jiang Shuyong

  2026,55(7):1709-1715 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250075

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  Abstract:Taking β-Ti as the research object, the first-principles calculations based on density functional theory were performed to construct a model of Ti-V system with different V contents by substituting Ti atoms with V atoms and to calculate the mechanical properties and electronic structures. The calculation results indicate that the addition of V atoms decreases the elastic constant and elastic modulus of β-Ti and improves the plasticity and toughness of the system. This is because during the formation of the Ti-V system, both atoms lose electrons. Therefore, the electronic mobility of the system increases, the bonding strength of the metallic bond is enhanced, and the plasticity and toughness of the system are improved. In addition, the 3d-orbitals of Ti and V atoms are mainly involved in bonding, which is the key reason for the improvement of plasticity and toughness. Meanwhile, there are also some electrons with directivity gathered around the two atoms, which indicates that there is also a covalent bond within the system. The existence of covalent bond is the key to enhancing the mechanical stability of the system.

• Topology Optimization Design of Porous Titanium Alloy Based on Cervical Spine Stress Characteristics

  Zhang Yongdi, Wang Yukang, Li Alang, Yang Guang

  2026,55(7):1801-1806 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250110

  Abstract(30) HTML(16) PDF(2.08 M)( 15)

  Abstract:To design a porous titanium alloy structure suitable for cervical spine implants, according to different stress conditions of cervical spine, such as compression, compression-shear, compression-torsion, and compression-bending, four types of unit cell structures, TO-C, TO-CS, TO-CT, and TO-CB, were constructed by combining topology optimization and computer-aided design. The mechanical properties were analyzed by compression simulation. Finally, the quasi-static compression test of porous samples with porosity of 60% prepared by laser powder bed fusion technique was conducted. The results of finite element simulation and compression test show that the compressive properties and elastic moduli of the four porous structures meet the requirements of human bone implants. Among them, the TO-CB structure has the best compressive performance and is suitable for porous titanium alloy cervical spine implants.

>Materials Science

• Effects of Gd on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Duplex Stainless Steels for Neutron Absorbing

  Jia Dongxiao, Zhao Pengfei, Liang Tian, Hou Kunlei, Jiang Yuefeng, Ma Yingche

  2026,55(7):1632-1640 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250353

  Abstract(23) HTML(17) PDF(10.89 M)( 27)

  Abstract:The effects of different Gd contents on microstructure and mechanical properties of 00Cr23Ni8Mo1.4Mn1.4Si0.5 alloy were researched. Results indicate that element Gd exists mainly in three forms in the alloy: Gd₂O₃, M₁₂Gd, and M₃Gd phases (M=Fe, Cr, Ni). With the increase in Gd content, the contents of Gd-containing precipitate and ferrite phase are increased, whereas the austenite phase content is decreased. The Gd oxide and precipitation of two Gd-containing phases are the main causes of cracking in the alloy during the hot deformation process. The partially aggregated Gd oxide particles and the difficult-to-deform Gd-containing precipitates on the grain boundary jointly decrease the hot ductility of the alloy. With the increase in amount of Gd addition, the tensile strength and section shrinkage ratio of the alloy are decreased. Furthermore, M₃Gd is harder and more brittle, compared with M₁₂Gd, resulting in a more detrimental impact on the mechanical properties of alloy.

• Preparation and Properties of Nano-hydroxyapatite-Doped Micro/nano-structured Micro-arc Oxidized Composite Coating for Pure Titanium

  Feng Jun, Deng Shengyong, Zhao Yingchao, Cheng Junjie, Yang Xudong

  2026,55(7):1651-1663 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250404

  Abstract(30) HTML(19) PDF(7.89 M)( 26)

  Abstract:Micro/nano-structured composite coating composed of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and hydroxyapatite (HA) was fabricated on TA2 pure titanium through synergistic micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and hydrothermal (HT) processing to enhance the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of titanium substrates. The surface micromorphology of the coatings was investigated by scanning electron microscope; the roughness and hydrophilicity of the coatings were investigated by atomic force microscope and water contact angle, respectively; the corrosion resistance was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization tests in simulated human body fluids; the biocompatibility was investigated by in-vitro cell culture experiments. Results demonstrate that by doping HA into MAO electrolyte, a micrometer-sized coating loaded with nano-HA particles can be obtained, and then HT treatment can be conducted to obtain the micro/nano-structured composite coating with a HA-containing nanoflake structure. This micro/nano-structured composite coating possesses good hydrophilicity and fine corrosion resistance. The coating performance achieves optimal state when the coating is prepared with 3 g/L HA and HT-treated for 6 h. In this case, the water contact angle is as low as 24.2°, and the polarization resistance is as high as 2.467×10⁴ Ω·cm². In addition, the synergistic effect of nano-HA and micro/nano-structure on the coating surface greatly promotes the cell proliferation, presenting non-cytotoxic characteristic, and indicating that the coating possesses good biocompatibility.

• Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Platinum

  Tang Huiyi, Luan Baifeng, Zhang Fuen, Xiao Yuchen, Chai Linjiang, Wu Baoan

  2026,55(7):1673-1682 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250381

  Abstract(23) HTML(13) PDF(8.94 M)( 25)

  Abstract:The hot deformation behavior of platinum was investigated through hot compression experiments. A constitutive equation for the prediction of the flow behavior of platinum was derived from analysis of stress-strain curves. Using the constitutive equation, the peak stress of platinum during hot working was calculated across varying temperatures and strain rates. Results show that the predicted values have strong agreement with experimental results. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis further reveals the thermal deformation mechanisms under distinct conditions within the safe processing region. The optimal processing parameters are identified as deformation temperatures of 860–910 K and strain rates of 0.01–0.1 s^-1. Discontinuous yielding observed at elevated strain rates is attributed to the multiplication and movement of the mobile dislocations at grain boundaries.

• Finite Element Simulation of Volume Forming of High-Temperature Superconducting MgB₂ Wire: Construction Through Constitutive Models of Metals and Powders

  Hu Le, Hou Hongli, Yang Fang, Wang Qingyang, Zhang Shengnan, Liu Jixing, Yan Guo, Zhang Pingxiang

  2026,55(7):1692-1700 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250326

  Abstract(20) HTML(12) PDF(4.94 M)( 21)

  Abstract:Tensile mechanical tests at room temperature with varying strain rates (0.001, 0.01, and 0.07 s^-1) were conducted on Cu tubes (as-processed state), Nb tubes (soft state), and Mg rods (extruded state) used for internal magnesium diffusion (IMD)-MgB₂ single-core wires. Uniaxial unidirectional mechanical tests and cyclic compression mechanical tests at room temperature were performed on B powder to obtain the stress-strain curves. Based on the abovementioned analysis results, Johnson-Cook constitutive models for three metals at room temperature were established, as well as the function between the elastic modulus of B powder and its relative density. Furthermore, the bulk deformation of IMD-MgB₂ single-core wires during room-temperature rolling was simulated using the DEFORM finite element software, and the deformation behavior and stress distribution of materials were analyzed. Results demonstrate that the Johnson-Cook models established for three metals and the elastic modulus-relative density function of B powder accurately describe the flow behavior of Cu, Nb, and Mg in IMD-MgB₂ wires, as well as the elastic deformation of B powder. DEFORM finite element simulation results can also effectively reflect the deformation behavior of IMD-MgB₂ single-core wires. The overall deformation during the rolling process is uniform with a homogeneous stress distribution; however, the surface still has defects. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the plastic forming process of IMD-MgB₂ superconducting wires.

• Effects of Early Transition Metal Doping on Structure and Magnetic Properties of Fe_85.5B₁₃Cu_1.5 Nanocrystalline Alloy

  Sun Yu, Li Yanhui, Zhu Zhengwang, Jiang Li, Zhang Haifeng, Zhang Wei

  2026,55(7):1733-1740 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250143

  Abstract(26) HTML(18) PDF(5.43 M)( 17)

  Abstract:The effects of adding 1at% early transition metals (M=Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo) on the melt-spun structure, crystallized microstructure, and magnetic properties of Fe_84.5B₁₃Cu_1.5M₁ alloys were investigated. The mechanisms of different M elements in regulating the alloy structure and magnetic performance were also discussed. Results show that except for the M=Zr alloy presenting fully amorphous state in the as-spun condition, other alloys all contain pre-existing α-Fe grains dispersed in amorphous matrix with average grain sizes (d_α-Fe) smaller than 10 nm and high numerical density (N_d). M doping can reduce both N_d and d_α-Fe of pre-existing α-Fe phases to varying degrees, with reduction effectiveness following the sequence: Cr<V<Mo<Nb<Ti<Zr. This trend positively correlates with the enhanced amorphous-forming ability derived from increased atomic size mismatch and negative mixing enthalpy induced by M elements. M doping significantly influences the α-Fe phase/amorphous-nanocrystalline composite structure and magnetic properties after heat treatment. Compared with Fe_85.5B₁₃Cu_1.5 alloy, alloys with M=V/Cr/Nb/Mo exhibit reduced average grain size (D_α-Fe) and coercivity (H_c) of α-Fe, while alloy counterparts with M=Ti/Zr show increased D_α-Fe and H_c. All doped alloys demonstrate slightly decreased saturation magnetic induction (B_s). Notably, the Mo-doped alloy achieves optimal nanocrystalline structure and soft magnetic properties, showing D_α-Fe=14.9 nm, H_c=8.3 A/m and B_s =1.84 T, which significantly outperforms the results as 17.9 nm, 22.1 A/m and 1.90 T of reference alloy, respectively. Mo doping attains optimized matching between N_d and d_α-Fe of pre-existing α-Fe grains in melt-spun alloys, which enhances the coordinated intergranular competitive growth effects during thermal crystallization. This mechanism effectively refines the nanocrystalline structure, reduces magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and consequently improves soft magnetic properties.

• Matrix/Precipitated Phase Interface Interaction of Deformation Age-Treated N36 Zirconium Alloy

  Xue Kemin, Liu Yecheng, Wang Jiawei, Liu Yuan, Zhao Jiajie, Zhang Ao, Li Ping

  2026,55(7):1775-1782 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250093

  Abstract(24) HTML(15) PDF(5.71 M)( 16)

  Abstract:N36 zirconium alloy specimens were prepared by the severe plastic deformation process of equal channel dual angle pressing (ECDAP), followed by annealing and aging treatment. The initial microstructure was observed by OM. The types and morphological characteristics of the precipitated phases were analyzed by SEM and TEM. The bonding mechanism at the interface between the α-Zr matrix and the (Zr,Nb)₂Fe precipitated phase after aging treatment was analyzed by combining the difference of valence electron density and the tensile strength. The influence of the precipitation behavior of the (Zr,Nb)₂Fe on the microstructure and properties of N36 zirconium alloy prepared by the ECDAP process was investigated. The results indicate that the ECDAP process can significantly refine the grain and promote the uniform distribution of the precipitated phase in N36 zirconium alloy, which mainly consists of Zr(Nb,Fe)₂ and (Zr,Nb)₂Fe with a large number of internal striated dislocations. The difference of valence electron density at the interface between the α-Zr matrix and the (Zr,Nb)₂Fe precipitated phase is 91.02%, and the lattice mismatch leads to increased resistance and instability of interfacial dislocation motion, which can generate susceptibility to relative motion and laminar dislocation initiation. Interfacial dislocations can induce matrix dislocation shifts to meet deformation demands. The increment in tensile strength after aging for 4 and 8 h reaches 2.14% and 10.36%, respectively, which is due to the increase in the reinforcement of the precipitated phase resulting from the strong electronic discontinuity between the precipitated phase and the matrix.

Online First

• Grain growth and defect control strategy of large module single crystal superalloy turbine blades

  Mu Hao, Meng Xiangbin, Liu Jide, Zhang Chaowei, Zou Mingke, Wang Liang, Wang Meng, Fan Dahua, Ma Yuejiao, Chu Zhaokuang, Meng Jie, Liang Jingjing, Zhao Yunsong, Liu Chenguang, Zhou Yizhou, Li Qiang, Wang Ruichun, Zhu Chongwei, Li Jinguo

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250559

  Abstract(20) PDF(3.40 M)(1)

  Abstract:With the promotion and application of new large-sized single crystal superalloy turbine blades with complex air-cooled structures in aviation engines, the demand for single crystal turbine blades has sharply increased, leading to the prominent problem of cost reduction and efficiency improvement of single crystal turbine blades. At present, the growth and defect control technology of large module single crystal superalloy blades is one of the effective ways to reduce costs and increase efficiently of single crystal blades, and it is also an important development direction for the production technology of new single crystal turbine blades. Therefore, combining numerical simulation and experimental verification, the directional solidification process of single crystal superalloy turbine blades with different size modules will be studied to explore the behavior of single crystal growth, the formation law of stray grain, and corresponding control methods. The results show that during the directional solidification process, the liquid isotherm presents an "upward convex" shape, which leads to the inner side of the platform reaching the nucleation condition first, inducing the formation of stray grains in the platform. As the withdrawal rate and module size increase, the degree of "upward convex" of the liquid isotherm will significantly intensify, leading to an increased probability of stray grain formation. By adding graphite regenerator at the center of the module, the uniformity of the temperature field can be effectively improved and the inclination degree of the isotherm can be decreased, which can significantly reduce the probability of stray grain formation and improve blade qualification rate, thereby the problem of cost reduction and efficiency improvement for single crystal blades can be solved.

• Study on the Tensile Creep Behavior of Swaged W-Y?O? Alloy at High Temperatures of 1400–1600°C

  Tu cheng ming, Wang jian bao, Feng fan, Zhao dong, Wang zi jie, Jin yu zhong, Lian you yun, Liu xiang

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250572

  Abstract(8) PDF(3.00 M)(1)

  Abstract:The tensile creep behavior of Y?O?-dispersion-strengthened tungsten (W-Y?O?) alloys prepared via powder metallurgy and high-temperature rotary swaging was investigated at temperatures ranging from 1400 to 1600°C under pressures of 150 to 180 MPa. Changes in grain structure, second-phase particles, and dislocations before and after creep were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Experimental results indicate that the creep performance of rotary-forged W-Y?O? alloys surpasses that of rolled pure tungsten, with a steady-state creep rate ranging from 8.22×10e-7 to 1.76×10e-4—two orders of magnitude lower than rolled pure tungsten. The superior creep performance of rotary-forged W-Y?O? primarily stems from the pinning of grain boundaries and dislocation motion by nanoscale and submicron-sized Y?O? particles, coupled with the suppression of diffusion creep due to thelarger grain aspect ratio.As temperature and creep stress increase, the agglomeration pinning effect of second-phase particles weakens, reducing the grain aspect ratio. The proportion of creep mechanisms dominated by grain boundary slip due to atomic diffusion and recrystallization gradually increases. However, dislocation motion control remains the primary mechanism in the W-Y?O? matri

• Differences in Recrystallization Behavior between the Surface and Center Layers of Hot-Rolled Thick Plate of 5xxx Aluminum Alloy

  Fang Zhijie, Wang Yujing, Mo Man, Mei Lin, Xu Lei, Xiao Zhengbing

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250573

  Abstract(7) PDF(2.97 M)(1)

  Abstract:A 5xxx series aluminum alloy hot-rolled thick plate with a final rolling temperature of 300?°C was used to systematically investigate the effects of different annealing processes (300–500?°C, 0.5–8?h) on its microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity. The results show that increasing the annealing temperature significantly promotes recrystallization in the surface layer, while recrystallization in the center proceeds more slowly. Due to the high dislocation density and sufficient dynamic recovery introduced during hot rolling, continuous recrystallization via subgrain coalescence and growth dominates in the surface layer during annealing. In contrast, discontinuous recrystallization prevails in the center owing to its lower stored energy and fewer nucleation sites. After annealing at 450?°C for 2?h, the recrystallization fraction reaches 66.6?% at the surface but only 18.9?% in the center. With increasing annealing temperature, hardness and strength decrease, while elongation and electrical conductivity increase. Holding time has a relatively minor influence on mechanical properties, and 2?h is identified as the optimal duration. This study clarifies the mechanism underlying the difference in recrystallization behavior between the surface and center of hot-rolled thick plates during annealing, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing annealing processes.

• Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructural Evolution and High-Temperature Mechanical Behavior of TiAl-4822 Alloy Produced by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion

  Zhang Xuezhe, Wang Yifan, Zheng Hao, Niu Jingzhe, Liu Haiyan, Jia Liang, Liu Nan, Yuan Xinbo

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250578

  Abstract(14) PDF(9.68 M)(1)

  Abstract:To investigate the influence of heat treatment–induced microstructural evolution on the high-temperature mechanical behavior of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb (TiAl-4822, at.%) alloy at 750 °C, specimens were fabricated via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) and subsequently subjected to various heat treatment conditions to obtain distinct microstructures. The as-fabricated sample exhibited a heterogeneous bimodal structure composed of coarse γ bands and fine-grained duplex regions. After heat treatment at 1330 °C for 0.5 h followed by furnace cooling (FC), the alloy developed a homogeneous duplex microstructure with slightly coarsened grains. Increasing the heat treatment temperature to 1380 °C resulted in pronounced grain growth and the formation of a fully lamellar structure. With rising temperature, α? phases tended to segregate along interlamellar or intergranular regions, establishing the typical Blackburn orientation relationship with the γ phase. Mechanical testing revealed that hardness increased with heat treatment temperature, whereas both tensile strength and ductility at 750 °C decreased compared with the as-fabricated condition. The as- fabricated sample demonstrated superior high-temperature mechanical performance, achieving a tensile strength of 654.67 ± 17.01 MPa and an elongation of 42.5 ± 2.29%, primarily due to the fine γ grains and dense intragranular lamellae formed during rapid solidification. During heat treatment, the α? and γ phases coarsened through orientation-dependent growth to minimize interfacial energy, leading to lamellar thickening. The resulting coarsened lamellae and α? phase enrichment at grain boundaries and interlamellar interfaces served as preferential sites for crack initiation and propagation, thereby reducing ductility. This study elucidates the intrinsic correlations among heat treatment, microstructure, and mechanical behavior in EB-PBF TiAl-4822 alloy, providing valuable insights into tailoring the microstructure and optimizing the high-temperature performance of γ-TiAl alloys through thermal processing

• Study on the high-temperature creep behavior of single-crystal molybdenum alloys

  He Zijian, Yu Bintao, Dou Yankun, He XinFu, Zhang Lin

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250582

  Abstract(19) PDF(2.23 M)(1)

  Abstract:New reactor materials serve for a long time Under extreme loads and high temperatures. Creep resistance is the key service performance. In this paper, thermal creep experiments with different stresses (170-245MPa) were carried out at 1100K for the candidate material single crystal Mo-14Re alloy for advanced reactors. The creep time of the single crystal Mo-14Re alloy was obtained from 10 h to 780 h, and it was found that the creep of the single crystal Mo-14Re alloy conformed to the standard creep law, and the stress index n was 11.7. The creep mechanism is dislocation reinforcement, and with the increase of creep time, dislocation will form three dislocation derived structures: dislocation wall (substructure), dislocation network and dislocation cell. The above research provides a scientific basis for the research and development and safe service of advanced reactor materials.

• Anisotropy of Extrusion Texture and Adiabatic Shear Sensitivity of TC4 Alloy Bar

  Weikang Fu, Tianyuan Gong, Yi Li, Chenxing Zheng, Xinlong Dong

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250586

  Abstract(21) PDF(3.18 M)(1)

  Abstract:The microstructural orientation and texture developed during titanium alloy processing have significant effects on its dynamic mechanical behavior, particularly on adiabatic shear characteristics. In this study, the compression anisotropy and adiabatic shear behavior of the α+β TC4 alloy bar were investigated under high strain rates along the extrusion direction (ED) and transverse direction (TD) using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus. The localized deformation evolution and mechanisms were analyzed through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The results reveal that the α-hcp phase in the extruded TC4 bar exhibits an axially symmetric cylindrical fiber texture. The yield strength in the TD is significantly higher than that in the ED; however, the TD shows greater adiabatic shear sensitivity and a higher tendency for adiabatic shear band (ASB) formation. EBSD analysis indicates that the specific crystallographic orientations induced by the extrusion texture influence yielding behavior by affecting the Schmid factors of dislocation slip systems, thereby leading to deformation anisotropy. The extrusion texture along the ED aligns most grains favorably for the activation of the basal slip system in the α-hcp phase, which has a lower critical resolved shear stress (CRSS), resulting in a lower dynamic yield strength compared with the TD. Meanwhile, the more homogeneous deformation among grains and the weaker thermal effect along the ED contribute to its lower adiabatic shear sensitivity. These findings provide insights into the influence of microstructural orientation and texture on adiabatic shear behavior in titanium alloys, offering guidance for texture control and design strategies to enhance resistance to adiabatic shear failure.

• Progress in neutron studies on the magnetic structures of rare earth magnetic materials

  LIU Dan, Ren Jianyu, Chen Weiqiang, Zheng Yusha, QIXING, XI Jianfeng

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250592

  Abstract(27) PDF(3.30 M)(1)

  Abstract:Rare-earth magnetic materials hold an indispensable strategic position in high-tech fields such as permanent magnets and magnetic refrigeration, owing to the unique characteristics of their 4f electrons: strong spin-orbit coupling, high atomic magnetic moments, and rich electronic energy levels. The multifaceted competitive mechanisms among electron exchange interactions, magnetic multipolar interactions, and crystal field effects in these materials present fundamental challenges to elucidating magnetic phase transition mechanisms and quantum excitation behaviors. Neutron scattering technology, distinguished by its sensitivity to magnetic moments, exceptional penetration capability, and ability to distinguish light elements, serves as a pivotal technique for revealing the microscopic mechanisms of magnetic structures in rare-earth systems. This technique has achieved breakthrough progress in areas including coercivity optimization of rare-earth permanent magnets and regulation of the magnetic entropy change in magnetocaloric materials. This article systematically reviews the fundamental principles and methodologies of neutron scattering technology alongside its cutting-edge applications in investigating magnetic structures within rare-earth magnetic materials, including rare-earth-transition-metal compounds, rare-earth frustrated magnets, and rare-earth low-dimensional magnets. The review aims to provide a foundational reference for advancing research on magnetic structures in rare-earth systems.

• Process Optimization for Preparing Uniform and Dense Tungsten Coatings on Throat Liners by CVD 备注（英文论文，RMME-2025-0058）

  XIE ZHENG, wang, tanchenwen, yuxiaodong, ningxianjin

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250595

  Abstract(11) PDF(2.50 M)(1)

  Abstract:Tungsten"s distinctive physical and chemical properties make it a highly suitable material for rocket applications. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a promising technique for applying uniform tungsten coatings to complex-shaped components (e.g., rocket engine throat liner). This study adapts a previously established low-pressure CVD model for tungsten, enabling its application under atmospheric pressure conditions to deposit high-performance coatings on rocket engine throat liners. We investigate the influence of three distinct reactor configurations—a straight-tube inlet, an integrated gas distribution device, and a combination of a distribution device with a flow guide baffle—on the reactor"s flow dynamics, thermal field, species concentration, and deposition kinetics. Numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the configuration incorporating both a distribution device and a baffle eliminates vortices within the liner region by promoting radial gas diffusion, thereby significantly improving flow field uniformity. This optimized design not only improves the uniformity of the deposition rate on the throat insert, but also slightly enhances the utilization efficiency of tungsten hexafluoride. This work provides a theoretical foundation for designing CVD systems for highly uniform tungsten coatings and offers a practical solution for their engineering application.

• Corrosion behavior of a Zr-xSn-0.35Fe-0.15Cr alloy in high-temperature,high-pressure oxygenated water

  zhaoduo, xiaoxiangyi, xushitong, yaomeiyi, hulijuan, xieyaoping, zhangpeng, heguanze, zhoubangxin

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250599

  Abstract(8) PDF(4.18 M)(1)

  Abstract:Zirconium alloys are extensively utilized as cladding materials for fuel elements in water-cooled nuclear reactors due to their low thermal neutron absorption cross-section, high thermal conductivity, excellent corrosion resistance, and good compatibility with UO2. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) represent a significant direction for future nuclear energy. However, the simplified design of small water-cooled reactors, which often lack hydrogen addition and oxygen removal facilities or have limited deoxygenation capacity, leads to an elevated concentration of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the primary circuit coolant. This increased DO level can adversely affect the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloy cladding. Sn is an important alloying element for zirconium. Nevertheless, research on the influence of DO on the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys with varying Sn content is scarce. Therefore, this study investigates the corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys with different Sn contents in water at 360 °C/18.6 MPa with different DO concentrations, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for developing zirconium alloy cladding materials for water-cooled SMRs. To explore the effect of Sn content on the corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys in oxygen-enriched water, corrosion tests were conducted on three Zr-xSn-0.35Fe-0.15Cr (x=0.5, 1.0, 1.5, wt%) alloys and a Zr-4 alloy in a dynamic autoclave at 360 °C/18.6 MPa with a DO concentration of 1000 μL/L. The microstructure and phase composition of the alloys and their oxide films were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the second-phase particles (SPPs) in the Zr-xSn-0.35Fe-0.15Cr alloys are primarily composed of two types: fcc-Zr(Fe,Cr)2 and hcp-Zr(Fe,Cr)2. With increasing Sn content, the size and the Fe/Cr atomic ratio of the SPPs increase, while their area fraction decreases. During the 290-day corrosion period, the corrosion kinetics transitioned from a cubic rate law to a parabolic or power-law rate law. An increase in Sn content led to an earlier transition time in the corrosion kinetics and a higher post-transition corrosion rate. The corrosion kinetics shifted from parabolic to power-law behavior, indicating a degradation in corrosion resistance. However, all the Zr-xSn-0.35Fe-0.15Cr alloys exhibited significantly superior corrosion resistance compared to the Zr-4 alloy in the 1000 μL/L DO water environment. This paper discusses the underlying mechanism of how Sn content influences the corrosion behavior in oxygen-enriched water from the perspectives of SPPs oxidation and the microstructural evolution of the oxide film.

• The Corrosion Behavior of Pre-oxidized 56Cu-22Ni-12Fe-8Al-2La Anode Alloy in Low Temperature Molten Electrolyte for Aluminum Electrolysis

  Du Juan, Bao Shengzhong, Yang Shaodan, Zhou Yanjun, Zhuang Yuwei, Cao Shuguang

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250607

  Abstract(11) PDF(2.13 M)(1)

  Abstract:The corrosive behaviors of unoxidized and pre-oxidized 56Cu-22Ni-12Fe-8Al-2La anode alloys are investigated in Na3AlF6-K3AlF6-AlF3-Al2O3 electrolytes for aluminum electrolysis at 800℃. Results show that the oxide layer formed on the pre-oxidized alloy at 800 °C under O2 atmosphere is mainly oxides of aluminum, nickel, iron, copper, and lanthanum. After 3h aluminum electrolysis, the corrosion products formed on unoxidized anode alloy is a tri-layered structure and the discontinuous and porous oxide layer provides a connected channels during electrolysis, allowing direct electrolyte penetrate into the metal matrix for about 320 μm thickness. The corrosion oxide layer formed on pre-oxidized anode alloy is about 190 μm thickness. The out and inner oxide layer includes a continuous Ni/Fe/Al/Cu-rich (mainly NiFe2O4, CuAlO2) oxides. The middle layer containing of a dense and continuous NiFe2O4 with a thickness about 15 μm. A small amount of electrolyte appears in the oxide layer and penetrate into the metal matrix. The pre-oxidized alloy exhibited a better corrosion resistance and stability in comparison with that unoxidized alloy during aluminum electrolysis. The electrochemical performances testing of the metal anodes in molten salt for aluminum electrolysis are carried out and the corrosion mechanism of the alloys are also investigated.

• Research progress on Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding of accident tolerant fuel

  Wang Shun, Li Yifeng, Lin Xiaodong, Li Qiang, Yao Meiyi, Zhou Bangxin

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250608

  Abstract(12) PDF(2.56 M)(2)

  Abstract:Accident tolerant fuel can further improve the safety and economics of commercial nuclear reactors. At present, Cr coating improved zirconium alloy cladding is the best solution for accident tolerant fuel cladding that can achieve industrial application in the short term. This paper reviews the research progress of Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding, starting from the development status, preparation process, microstructure and service performance of Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding. Firstly, the development of Cr coating at home and abroad is introduced. Secondly, the main preparation processes of Cr coatings, including cold spraying, laser cladding and physical vapor deposition, were described, and the characteristics and microstructure of different processes were analyzed. Then, the corrosion properties, irradiation properties and mechanical properties of Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding are summarized, and the corrosion oxidation mechanism, irradiation damage mechanism and plastic deformation mechanism are deeply analyzed. Finally, the problems existing in the current research and the future development direction are analyzed and prospected.

• Effects of current density on microstructure, corrosion and wear resistance of MAO coatings on 2195 Al?Li alloy

  JIN Zong Han, Feng Chan Jie

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250613

  Abstract(27) PDF(4.36 M)(1)

  Abstract:Ceramic coatings were prepared on 2195 Al?Li alloy by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in a silicate-phosphate electrolyte solution under different current densities. The effect of current density varying from 2 to 8 A/dm2 on the microstructure, corrosion and wear behavior of the coatings were investigated. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies, composition and roughness of the MAO coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface roughness meter. The results show that with the increase of current density, the roughness and thickness of the MAO coating increase. The MAO coatings are mainly composed of γ-Al2O3 and a small amount of α-Al2O3. The MAO coatings prepared under the maximum current density is densest. Potentiodynamic polarization tests indicate that the corrosion resistance of coatings increase with the current density. When the current density is 8 A/dm2, the MAO coating exhibits the best corrosion resistance, with a corrosion potential of -0.536 V and a corrosion current density of 4.32×10?? A/cm2, which is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the substrate. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate that, at a current density of 8 A/dm2, the sample possesses the largest capacitive arc radius and the highest impedance magnitude in the low-frequency region.The wear resistance of the MAO coatings increases with the current density. When the current density is 2 A/dm2, the wear mechanism Mainly dominated by abrasive wear. Further increasing the current density, the wear mechanism transformed to abrasive wear. The MAO coatings prepared at 8 A/dm2 show the best wear resistance with a wear rate of 0.1355×10-3 mm3/N·m.

• Tribological Behavior of HVOF-Sprayed NiCrBSi Coatings at Elevated Temperatures

  Du PengCheng, Yang RenTao, Wu ZhengJiang, Fan MingZhen, Zhang Yan, Yuan ZhenNan, Chen TongZhou

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250615

  Abstract(10) PDF(3.53 M)(1)

  Abstract:A NiCrBSi coating was fabricated on 304 stainless steel substrate using high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying. The friction and wear behaviors of the coating were systematically investigated at room temperature (RT), 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C to reveal the influence of elevated temperatures on its wear mechanisms. The effects of temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-temperature microhardness testing, respectively. The morphology and chemical composition of the wear tracks were characterized using white light interferometry and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the NiCrBSi coating exhibits a distinct crystallization exothermic peak at approximately 505 °C. Above this temperature, the crystallinity and microstructure of the coating were significantly improved. As the temperature increased, both the porosity and microhardness of the coating generally decreased, with a relatively gradual decline below 505 °C and a sharp drop beyond it. The combined effect of mechanical action between the coating and the counterpart ball and the high-temperature environment induced oxidation during friction, generating oxides such as NiO, Cr?O?, and NiCr?O?. At temperatures below 505 °C, the high-temperature environment led to a certain reduction in the friction coefficient. With a further increase in temperature, the lubricating effect of the oxides further contributed to the decrease in the friction coefficient. Meanwhile, the wear rate of the coating continuously increased with temperature, rising from 2×10?? mm3/(N·m) at RT to 11.3×10?? mm3/(N·m) at 600 °C. At room temperature, the dominant wear mechanism was fatigue wear. As the temperature increased to 600 °C, the marked decrease in coating hardness led to the generation of substantial debris, making abrasive wear the predominant mechanism.

• A Review and Future Perspectives of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Titanium Matrix Composites

  Lu Jinglin, Chen Zixuan, Xue Aitang, Zhang Quanli, Meng Zhibin, Zhang Xiaoyong

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250619

  Abstract(12) PDF(4.78 M)(2)

  Abstract:Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) have emerged as promising candidates for lightweight, high-strength structural components. Their appeal lies in the potential to surpass the performance limits of conventional homogeneous alloys through strategic design of reinforcements in terms of their type, morphology, and spatial distribution. Concurrently, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) offers a novel paradigm for fabricating complex TMC structures with high material utilization and shortened processing routes, leveraging its dual advantages of near-net shaping and rapid solidification. This review systematically summarizes the current state of research on wire arc additively manufactured TMCs, with a focused discussion on three critical aspects: geometrical integrity, microstructural characteristics, and mechanical properties. The analysis indicates that by optimizing process parameters such as heat input and current mode, and employing auxiliary processes including preheating and maintaining temperature. can effectively mitigate defects such as porosity and cracking, thereby improving dimensional accuracy. The inherent rapid solidification of WAAM, combined with the introduction of reinforcing phases, facilitates grain refinement and enables microstructural control. Furthermore, the strategic design of architectural features such as laminated or network-like structures can lead to significant enhancement in material strength. Future research should focus on a deeper integration of process-microstructure-property relationships to accelerate the broad adoption of this technology in the manufacturing of high-performance components.

• Integrated Analysis of As-Cast Microstructural Characteristics and the Homogenization Treatment for GH3536 Superalloy

  Liu Yue, Jiang He, Yao Zhihao, Dong jianxin

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250621

  Abstract(11) PDF(5.45 M)(2)

  Abstract:In this study, the as-cast microstructure of a GH3536 electroslag ingot, produced via a vacuum induction melting plus electroslag remelting duplex process, was systematically examined using multiple characterization techniques. These included optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), extracted phase analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermodynamic calculations. Furthermore, the microstructural evolution following homogenization heat treatment and the results of hot compression simulations were analyzed to identify an appropriate homogenization process for the alloy. The results demonstrate that molybdenum (Mo) is the primary segregating element in the alloy. In addition to the austenitic matrix, the electroslag ingot contains two types of carbides: M??C?, enriched with chromium (Cr), and M?C, enriched with Mo. After homogenization heat treatment at 1180?°C for 48?h, the coarse secondary phases were largely dissolved, and elemental segregation was significantly reduced. Consequently, the homogenized alloy exhibited excellent hot workability.

• Temperature-Dependent Modeling of High-Temperature Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in GH4710 Superalloy

  Chen Youhong, Lan Bo, Sun Xing, Li Kai

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250623

  Abstract(11) PDF(4.10 M)(1)

  Abstract:Aiming at the high-temperature fatigue failure risk of GH4710 alloy turbine disks for aero-engines, the fatigue crack growth behavior of the alloy at 750℃, 815℃ and 850℃ was systematically studied, the temperature influence mechanism was revealed, and a temperature-dependent model was established. The results show that grain boundary oxidation weakening is the dominant factor for accelerated crack growth at high temperatures. When the temperature increases from 750℃ to 850℃, the fatigue crack growth rate of the alloy increases significantly, the fatigue life decreases by 74.7%, and the fracture mechanism transforms from transgranular dominance to intergranular dominance. The range of 815~850 ℃ is the critical mutation temperature range for fatigue performance, and below this temperature, the alloy has a wider stress intensity factor range ( ΔK) and better crack growth resistance. Based on the Paris equation, an Arrhenius-type temperature correction term was introduced to establish the model: da/dN=9.783×10^(-7)×exp?(-3557.068/T) (ΔK)^3.183 (T is absolute temperature, K). Within the range of ΔK =20~65 MPa·m?·?, the error between the model predictions and experimental data is less than 10%, which can accurately characterize the fatigue crack growth behavior of the alloy in the temperature range of 750~850℃. This study provides theoretical support for the damage tolerance design, high-temperature service life prediction and critical temperature early warning of GH4710 alloy turbine disks.

• Influence of Ce addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Mn-Mg alloy

  Yu Wen-tao, Zhang Han, Zhang Weixia, Lv Yadong, Yang Haiyan, Xue Yanqing, Hao Qitang

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250625

  Abstract(10) PDF(7.03 M)(1)

  Abstract:This study systematically investigated the influence of cerium (Ce) additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Mn-Mg alloys through multi-scale characterization techniques including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results reveal that the addition of Ce leads to the formation of two distinct Ce-containing intermetallic compounds. The first is the primary Al20Ti2Ce phase formed during solidification, which has caused the grain coarsening due to consumption of the effective grain-refining element Ti in Al melt. The second Ce-containing phase is Al16Cu4Mn2Ce, which forms through a eutectic reaction at the final stage of the solidification process. This phase is unstable at high temperatures and undergoes a phase transformation into Al24Ce3Cu8Mn and Al20Cu2Mn3 during heat treatment, it means that Al16Cu4Mn2Ce can not dissolve like Al2Cu, which prevents an increase in the concentration of Cu and Mn in the Al matrix, thereby leading to a low degree of supersaturation. Furthermore, the addition of minor Ce can retard the phase transformaiton from θ"" to θ" in the Al matrix. Therefore, the main strengthening phase is still the θ"" phase in the Ce-containing alloy while θ" phase in 0Ce alloy after the same heat treatment. Changes in the microstructure and phase composition directly affect the mechanical properties of alloys, the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength decrease by 87 MPa and 42 MPa respectively when the Ce content increases from 0 to 0.3 wt%, and the elongation decreases by 50% compared with 0Ce alloy.

• Novel Cobalt-Based Superalloys: Compositional Design, Microstructure-Property, and Application Progress

  Wang Xiao, Luo Guoqiang, Wei Qinqin, Dai Xiangping, Shen Qiang

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250629

  Abstract(16) PDF(2.79 M)(1)

  Abstract:Conventional cobalt-based superalloys are limited in high-temperature properties due to the lack of coherent strengthening phases. The discovery of the L12-structured γ′-Co3(Al, W) phase has initiated the research on novel cobalt-based superalloys. This paper systematically reviews the recent progress in this field, covering composition design, processing techniques, microstructure, mechanical properties, and application status. The compositional strategies, including multi-component alloying and density reduction, are elaborated. Combined with typical cases, the breakthroughs of additive manufacturing technology in suppressing segregation and cracking are discussed. Furthermore, strengthening models are introduced to quantitatively analyze the influence of γ′ phase characteristic parameters on strength. In addition, the key mechanisms for improving high-temperature oxidation and hot corrosion resistance are deeply discussed. Finally, the application progress of these alloys in aero-engine hot-end components and high-temperature tools and molds is summarized, and future development directions regarding microstructural stability and engineering fabrication are proposed.

• Preparation of titanium-based alloy by self-propagating aluminothermic reduction of high titanium slag

  Wei Xie, Zhihe Dou, Shuai Fang, Bingqi Li, Tingan Zhang

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250638

  Abstract(17) PDF(1.13 M)(1)

  Abstract:In this paper, the effects of different aluminum ratios on the preparation of titanium-based alloys by aluminothermic reduction of high titanium slag were studied. Titanium-based alloys were successfully prepared by self-propagating aluminothermic reduction using high titanium slag, aluminum powder, KClO₃ and CaO as raw materials. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the aluminothermic reduction process of high titanium slag were calculated. The results show that high titanium slag can be used to prepare titanium-based alloys by aluminothermic reduction. The main reaction is the reduction of TiO₂ by Al. The activation energy of the reaction is 274.4 kJ/mol, and the reaction order is 1.04. With the increase of the aluminum ratio, the mass fraction of Ti element in the titanium-based alloy gradually decreases, and the mass fraction of Al element gradually increases. At the same time, there are a small amount of alloying elements such as Fe, Mn and Si in the titanium-based alloy. Phase analysis shows that under the condition of low aluminum ratio, the main phase is Ti₃Al, under the condition of high aluminum ratio, the main phase is transformed into TiAl. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that the composition of the prepared titanium-based alloy was 51.6 wt.% Ti, 40.6 wt.% Al, 7.6 wt.% Fe, 3.4 wt..% Mn and 1.3 wt.% Si under the experimental conditions of 1.0 aluminum ratio. The microstructure analysis shows that the prepared titanium alloy is composed of base phase region, iron-rich phase region and silicon-rich phase region. This study provides a new technical path for the high value utilization of high titanium slag.

• Research Progress on Laser-cladded High-Entropy Alloy Coatings

  Wang Ruixin, Zhang Yong, Zhang Yitian, Liu Jiahui, Ma Lei, Han Xiaoliang, Wang Hui, Song Kaikai

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250639

  Abstract(17) PDF(1.94 M)(1)

  Abstract:High-entropy alloys demonstrate outstanding comprehensive performance due to their revolutionary multi-component design concept, making them ideal materials for achieving structural-function integration. The laser cladded high-entropy alloy coatings combines the performance advantages of high-entropy alloys with the technical advantages of laser cladding, achieving a high-quality balance among surface performance, mechanical performance, and functional performance, and showing great potential for engineering applications. This paper starts from the "process-microstructure-performance" relationship and the intrinsic mechanism. The preparation methods and optimization strategies are summarized. The microstructure, performance and performance improvement mechanisms under single and coupled conditions are revealed. The potential application scenarios and the problems that need to be solved urgently in current applications and the future development direction are disccused.

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