激光熔覆合金涂层抗空蚀和抗冲蚀性能研究进展

Research Progress on Anti-cavitation and Anti-erosion Performances of Laser Cladding Alloy Coatings

摘要:

水力机械是水电站和泵站的核心装备，主要包括水轮机和水泵，而在水轮机上发生的空蚀和冲蚀是使过流部件失效的主要形式。自20世纪60年代以来，一直是困扰水力机械发展的关键难题。众多学者不断研究发现，在基体材料表面制备一层致密的涂层，可有效防止空蚀和冲蚀给水力机械带来的危害。激光熔覆技术作为一种新型表面改性方法，为涂层在工业上的应用拓展了新的领域。通过对现有研究归纳，本文将综合分析空蚀和冲蚀的作用机理、影响因素及预测方法，包括粉末成分和工况因素等对激光熔覆合金涂层抗空蚀和抗冲蚀性能的影响。在此基础上根据目前材料在空蚀、冲蚀性能上存在的弊端，总结了截至目前所存在的问题，展望了未来激光熔覆合金涂层材料的发展方向和趋势，为开发性能优异的激光熔覆涂层材料提供参考。

Abstract:

Hydraulic machinery serves as the core equipment in hydropower stations and pumping stations, primarily encompassing turbines and pumps. Cavitation and erosion occurring on turbines stand out as the main causes of failure in flow-passing components, which have remained a critical challenge hindering the development of hydraulic machinery for over six decades. Numerous researchers have consistently found that applying a dense coating on the surface of the substrate material can effectively mitigate the damage to hydraulic machinery caused by cavitation and erosion. As an advanced surface modification technique, laser cladding has opened up new avenues for the industrial application of such coatings. By summarizing existing studies, this review comprehensively analyzed the mechanisms, influencing factors, and prediction methods of cavitation and erosion. It specifically summarized the impact of powder composition and operating conditions on the anti-cavitation and anti-erosion performances of laser cladding alloy coatings. Based on the above analysis, the review addressed the current drawbacks of materials in terms of anti-cavitation and anti-erosion performances, summarized the existing problems to date, and outlined the future development directions and trends of laser cladding alloy coatings. This work aimed to provide valuable references for the development of high-performance laser cladding coatings.