基于稀固溶体前驱体纳米多孔金属的脱合金制备、结构调控和应用研究进展

Dealloying Fabrication， Structural Regulation and Applications of Nanoporous Metals： Insights from Dilute Solid Solution Precursors

摘要:

基于稀固溶体前驱体的脱合金策略在纳米多孔金属制备中具有重要意义。传统脱合金法受限于二元合金的有限成分范围，而稀固溶体前驱体通过大幅拓宽成分可调范围与优化动力学过程，实现了对多孔结构的精准调控。该策略成功制备出高长径比纳米多孔微线、超高孔隙率自支撑薄膜以及嵌套式分级纳米多孔金属，并在功能应用领域展现出显著优势：电催化材料通过表面电子结构优化实现高效析氢性能；太阳能水蒸发器件利用多级孔结构与局域等离子体效应实现宽带光吸收与高效蒸发；电驱动材料则凭借分级网络设计突破应变幅值与响应速率极限。该策略揭示了通过前驱体组分设计与脱合金工艺协同解决高比表面积与传质效率、力学稳定性矛盾的新机制，为新一代功能纳米多孔材料的开发提供了重要思路。

Abstract:

The dealloying strategy based on dilute solid solution precursor holds significant importance in nanoporous metal fabrication. While conventional dealloying is constrained by the narrow compositional range of binary alloys, the dilute solid solution precursors achieve precise control over porous architectures by substantially expanding the tunable compositional range and optimizing kinetic pathways. Results show that structures such as high-aspect-ratio nanoporous microwires, ultra-high porosity freestanding thin films, and nested hierarchical nanoporous metals are fabricated, demonstrating significant advantages in functional applications: electrocatalytic materials achieve enhanced hydrogen evolution performance by optimizing surface electronic structures; solar steam generation devices leverage hierarchical porosity and localized surface plasmon resonance effects to attain broadband light absorption and efficient evaporation; and electroactuator materials overcome the limits of strain amplitude and strain rate by hierarchical network design. Critically, this strategy reveals a novel mechanism for synergistically resolving the fundamental compromise between high specific surface area/mass transfer efficiency and mechanical stability through the coordinated design of precursor composition and dealloying parameters.