2026,Volume 55, Issue 11

>ARTICLE

• In-Situ Laser Alloying of Fe-30Mn Biodegradable Metal and Its Biological Research

  Wang Runze, Tang Jincheng, Shan Xuepeng, Huang Zhaozhen, Li Sijing, Yan Ming

  2026,55(11):2713-2726 DOI:

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  Abstract:Block and Gyroid scaffold Fe-30Mn alloys were prepared by powder bed fusion with laser beam (PBF-LB) and in-situ alloying, and the effects of different printing parameters on the performance of specimens were studied. Results show that insufficient laser energy input during printing leads to inhomogeneous mixing of iron and manganese, which degrades the properties of the alloy. Excessively high energy input can cause manganese to vaporize, yielding a composition that deviates from the target. With optimized laser parameters, block specimens exhibiting a uniform Fe/Mn distribution can be obtained with an ultimate tensile strength of 644.67 MPa, an elongation of 21.61%, and a corrosion rate of 0.042 mm/a in simulated body fluid. Moreover, the resulting porous scaffold shows a porosity of 49.84%, a yield strength (0.2% offset) of 66.11 MPa, a compressive strength at 20% strain of 170.76 MPa, and an elastic modulus of 6.41 GPa. The results of indirect toxicity tests and cell adhesion tests show that the alloys have good biocompatibility. In conclusion, the Fe-30Mn alloy prepared by PBF-LB in-situ alloying holds promise for biodegradable human bone implants.

• Effects of Sr on Microstructure and Properties of Zn-Sn-based Degradable Biomedical Alloys

  Peng Haodong, Li Zhuo, Sun Muqun, Chen Yingying, Zhao Linlin, Zhang Xin

  2026,55(11):2727-2736 DOI:

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  Abstract:The microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and cytotoxicity of biodegradable Zn-1.5Sn-xSr alloys (x=0, 0.3, 0.5, wt%) were investigated. The results indicate that the addition of Sr introduces minor SrZn₁₃ phases, enhancing the yield strength and elastic modulus of the Zn-1.5Sn-xSr alloys. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the existence of the SrZn₁₃ phase through the calibration of diffraction spots. Electrochemical tests confirm the formation of a passive film on Zn-1.5Sn-xSr alloys, with Zn-1.5Sn-0.3Sr alloy exhibiting higher corrosion resistance. Further immersion tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis elucidate the elemental composition and content of the passive film formed by the corrosion products, which primarily consists of oxides, hydroxides, and slightly soluble carbonates and phosphates. In terms of cytotoxicity, the Zn-1.5Sn-xSr alloys exhibit excellent biocompatibility. MTT experiments show that the cell viability can reach up to 130%, which is attributed to the release of Sr²⁺ during the degradation. Sr²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions jointly promote the cell proliferation and differentiation.

• Effect of Current Density on Microstructure, Corrosion Resistance, and Wear Resistance of Micro-arc Oxidation Coatings on 2195 Al-Li Alloy in a Silicate-Phosphate Electrolyte Solution

  Jin Zonghan, Feng Changjie, Zhang Yudi, Wu Hong, Wang Henan

  2026,55(11):2737-2746 DOI:

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  Abstract:Ceramic coatings were prepared on 2195 Al-Li alloy by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in a silicate-phosphate electrolyte solution under different current densities. The effect of current density varying from 200 A/m² to 800 A/m² on the microstructure, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance of MAO coatings was investigated. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies, composition, and roughness of MAO coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, energy disperse spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, and surface roughness tester. The results show that with the increase in current density, the roughness and thickness of MAO coating increase. MAO coatings are mainly composed of γ-Al₂O₃ and a small amount of α-Al₂O₃. MAO coatings prepared under the maximum current density is the densest. Potentiodynamic polarization tests indicate that the corrosion resistance of coatings increases with the increase in current density. When the current density is 800 A/m², MAO coating exhibits the best corrosion resistance, with a corrosion potential of -0.536 V and a corrosion current density of 4.32×10^-7 A/cm², which is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the substrate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicate that, at a current density of 800 A/m², the sample possesses the largest capacitive arc radius and the highest impedance magnitude in the low-frequency region. The wear resistance of MAO coatings increases with the increase in current density. When the current density is 200 A/m², the wear mechanism is dominated by abrasive wear. With further increase in current density, the wear mechanism remains abrasive wear. MAO coatings prepared at 800 A/m² show the best wear resistance with a wear rate of 1.355×10^-4 mm³/(N?m).

• Process Optimization for Preparing Uniform and Dense Tungsten Coatings on Throat Liners by CVD

  Xie Zheng, Wang Longlong, Tan Chengwen, Yu Xiaodong, Ning Xianjin

  2026,55(11):2747-2755 DOI:

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  Abstract:This study optimized the previously established low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) model for tungsten, enabling its application under atmospheric pressure conditions to deposit high-performance coatings on the surface of rocket engine throat liners. The effects of three distinct reactor configurations, including a straight-tube inlet, an integrated gas distribution device, and a combination of a distribution device with a flow guide baffle, on the flow dynamics, thermal field, species concentration, and deposition kinetics of reactors were investigated. Numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the configuration incorporating both a distribution device and a baffle eliminates vortices within the liner region by promoting radial gas diffusion, thereby significantly improving flow field uniformity. This optimized design not only improves the uniformity of the deposition rate on the throat insert, but also slightly enhances the service efficiency of tungsten hexafluoride. This work provides a theoretical foundation for designing CVD systems for highly uniform tungsten coatings and offers a practical solution for their engineering application.

• Corrosion Behavior of Pre-oxidized 56Cu-22Ni-12Fe-8Al-2La Anode Alloy in High-Temperature Molten Electrolyte for Aluminum Electrolysis

  Du Juan, Bao Shengzhong, Yang Shaodan, Zhou Yanjun, Zhuang Yuwei, Cao Shuguang

  2026,55(11):2756-2764 DOI:

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  Abstract:The corrosion behavior of unoxidized and pre-oxidized 56Cu-22Ni-12Fe-8Al-2La anode alloys was investigated in a Na₃AlF₆-K₃AlF₆-AlF₃-Al₂O₃ electrolyte for aluminum electrolysis at 800 °C. Electrochemical tests of the metal anodes in molten salt for aluminum electrolysis were conducted, and the corrosion mechanism of the alloys was investigated. Results show that the oxide layer formed on the pre-oxidized alloy at 800 °C in an O₂ atmosphere mainly consists of oxides of aluminum, nickel, iron, copper, and lanthanum. After aluminum electrolysis for 3 h, the corrosion products formed on the unoxidized anode alloy demonstrate a tri-layered structure, and the discontinuous and porous oxide layer provides a connected channel during electrolysis, allowing the electrolyte to directly penetrate the metal matrix to a depth of approximately 320 μm. The corrosion oxide layer formed on the pre-oxidized anode alloy is about 190 μm in thickness. The outer and inner oxide layers include continuous Ni-/Fe-/Al-/Cu-rich oxides (mainly NiFe₂O₄ and CuAlO₂). The middle layer, with a thickness of about 15 μm, contains a dense and continuous NiFe₂O₄ layer. A small amount of electrolyte appears in the oxide layer and penetrates into the metal matrix. The pre-oxidized alloy exhibits better corrosion resistance and stability than the unoxidized alloy during aluminum electrolysis.

• Influence of Mo Content on Microstructure, Wear Resistance, and Corrosion Behavior of NbTiZrMo_x Refractory High-Entropy Alloys

  Xu Lianbo, Li Xinlei, Gui Yongliang, Song Chunyan, Long Haiyang, Han Shangda, Yang Yusheng, Wu Qiming

  2026,55(11):2765-2775 DOI:

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  Abstract:NbTiZrMo_x alloys were prepared by vacuum arc furnace with high-purity powder mixtures of Nb, Ti, Zr, and Mo as raw materials. The role of element Mo in NbTiZrMo_x alloys and the effect of different Mo content on microstructure, microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of NbTiZrMo_x alloys were investigated. Results show that these alloys display a typical dendritic morphology with a single-phase body-centered cubic crystal structure. The microhardness and wear resistance of NbTiZrMo_x alloys are significantly improved with the increase in Mo content, which is attributed to solid-solution strengthening and fine-grain strengthening. With the increase in Mo content, the dominant wear mechanism of the alloy transforms from adhesive wear accompanied by abrasive and oxidative wear to oxidative wear with slight adhesive wear. Electrochemical corrosion tests conducted in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution reveal that the corrosion resistance of NbTiZrM alloys exhibits a trend of initial enhancement followed by deterioration as Mo content rises. The alloy containing 14.29at% Mo achieves the optimal corrosion resistance, demonstrating that an appropriate addition of Mo facilitates the formation of a stable passive film and thereby markedly improves the corrosion resistance of the alloy.

• Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Thermal Deep Drawing of TC4 Titanium Alloy Cylindrical Parts

  Yang Dayong, Wen Xiangjie, Deng Xiwen, Meng Fanyu, Gao Tiejun

  2026,55(11):2776-2784 DOI:

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  Abstract:To address quality issues such as cracking and earing during the thermal deep drawing of TC4 titanium alloy cylindrical parts, an ultrasonic vibration-assisted forming method was proposed. The effects of ultrasonic vibration on the thermal performance and high-temperature interfacial friction behavior of TC4 titanium alloy were studied by ultrasonic vibration-assisted tensile and sliding friction experiments. By analyzing the drawing force, surface quality, wall thickness distribution, and earing morphology of the fixed-dimension blank under different temperature conditions, the influence of ultrasonic vibration on the forming process and forming quality of TC4 cylindrical part was clarified. Finally, through variable-dimension limit drawing experiments under different temperature conditions, the limit drawing coefficient and the effective height of the TC4 cylindrical part assisted by ultrasonic vibration were obtained. The research findings indicate that applying ultrasonic vibration during the thermal deep drawing of TC4 cylindrical parts can not only effectively reduce the drawing force and earing ratio, but also improve the uniformity of wall thickness distribution, significantly enhancing the limiting drawing ratio and effective height of the drawn specimens.

>Materials Science

• Lattice-Structured Porous Ni-Fe Alloy Prepared by Electrodeposition

  Su Baoxue, Ruan Ying

  2026,55(11):2785-2793 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250445

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  Abstract:The lattice-structured porous Ni-Fe alloys with high porosity (95%?98%) were prepared by electrodeposition coupled with additive manufacturing technique. Two types of lattice-structured models were designed, namely tetrahedral structure and simple cubic. It is found that reducing the strut length or increasing the strut diameter and the inclination angle of struts relative to the horizontal direction significantly enhances the specific surface area of the lattice structures. The influence of electrodeposition parameters on the macroscopic morphology and structural characteristics of the porous Ni-Fe alloys was analyzed. The optimal electrodeposition conditions are determined as follows: cathode current density of 2?3 A·dm^-2, deposition temperature of 50?60 ℃, electrolyte pH of 3, and deposition time of 1 h. Under such condition, both tetrahedral and simple cubic porous Ni-Fe alloys were prepared. The uniaxial quasi-static compression tests demonstrate that the yield strength of the tetrahedral porous Ni-Fe alloy reaches 22.91 MPa, which is 35.8% higher than that of the simple cubic structure. Finite element simulation results indicate that the stress under compressive loading is concentrated in the nodal regions of the alloys with both two lattice structures. The stress concentration is the main cause for the local deformation and fracture.

• Research on the Microstructure and Pore Characteristics of Fused Filament-Fabricated Porous Tungsten

  Wang Jie, Li Zhiyao, Fan Fengsong, Xu Haifeng, Qin Yunpu, Wu Haoyang, Qin Mingli, Qu Xuanhui

  2026,55(11):2794-2801 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250453

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  Abstract:Porous tungsten structures were prepared by fused filament fabrication (FFF). The microstructural evolution at each stage of the FFF process and the final pore characteristics of the sintered tungsten were investigated systematically. The results show that porous tungsten components with tightly bonded layers and no defects are successfully prepared by FFF. The maximum loading of commercial tungsten powder with a particle size of 3 μm reaches 56%, and the compounded feedstock exhibits excellent rheological properties. Furthermore, the influence of printing parameters on the green density was investigated, identifying the optimal combination: the nozzle diameter of 0.6 mm, a layer thickness of 0.1 mm, and the printing speed of 30 mm/s. The porous tungsten prepared by FFF shows a uniform pore distribution. As the sintering temperature increases, the average pore size decreases, the complexity of the pores increases, and the hardness and compressive strength increase.

• Study on the Compressive Deformation Performance and Microstructure of Laser-Selective-Melted Honeycomb-Nested Lattice Structures

  Liu Zheng, Zha Zhengshu, Peng Cong, Zhang Wenwei, Chen Meng, Luo Le, Zhang Qi

  2026,55(11):2802-2811 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250336

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  Abstract:Three types of truss rod unit lattice structures were nested within the honeycomb cavities to obtain a new honeycomb-nested lattice structure. Using AlSi10Mg powder as the material, samples with different relative densities of the new bcc honeycomb-nested lattice structure (HC-N-bcc), honeycomb-nested symmetric rod lattice structure (HC-SP), new fluorite-type honeycomb-nested lattice structure (HC-N-F), and hollow honeycomb structure (HC-E) were fabricated by the selective laser melting (SLM) technique. Lateral compression mechanical properties, macro-micro deformation mechanisms, and energy absorption analyses were conducted on these samples. The results show that the lateral compression performance of the honeycomb-nested lattice structures is significantly superior to that of the hollow honeycomb structure. At the relative density of 46%, the HC-SP structure exhibits a compression modulus and peak stress that are 43% and 44.7% higher than those of HC-E, respectively. Under the strain of 50%, its energy absorption () and crushing force efficiency (CFE) are 7.7 and 5.3 times higher than those of HC-E, respectively. When truss unit lattices are embedded in the honeycomb cavities, the honeycomb shell deforms gradually and uniformly instead of fracturing instantly, significantly improving the compressive stability of the honeycomb structure. Furthermore, the larger the proportion of the truss volume in the overall structure, the better the performance improvement of the honeycomb-nested lattice structure.

• Electro-Assisted Tensile Behavior and Constitutive Model of TC4 Titanium Alloy

  Li Ping, Liu Shaofeng, Yu Renhai, Liu Baisong, Liu Le, Xue Kemin

  2026,55(11):2812-2818 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250369

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  Abstract:High-temperature and electro-assisted tensile experiments were conducted on TC4 titanium alloy, with the deformation temperature of 600?900 ℃ and the current density of 14?22 A/mm². The effects of temperature and current density on the flow stress of the alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that during the hot tensile process, the flow stress of the material decreases with the increase in temperature, and the elongation is positively correlated with temperature. The flow stress of the material decreases after applying pulsed current, and the elongation first increases and then decreases with the increase in current density. Finally, based on the true stress-true strain data of tension, a multi-physical field constitutive model coupling thermal and athermal effects was constructed on the basis of the original Johnson-Cook model framework. The constitutive model parameters were determined by the regression fitting method, and error analysis was performed between the experimental and predicted values. The results show that the coefficient of determination R² of the constitutive model is more than 0.95, the mean relative error is less than 2.5%, which indicates that the model has relatively good predictive ability within a wide range of process parameters. The research aims to provide a theoretical basis for the electro-assisted forming of titanium alloys and a reference for optimizing forming process parameters.

• Hydrogen Compatibility of Centrifugal Compressor Impeller Material in Hydrogen-Blended Natural Gas Environment

  Ouyang Xin, Cheng Lei, Man Jianfeng, Yuan Chunming, Ma Zhiyuan, Zhang Kexin, Luo Hao, Qin Nana, Wang Jinhua, Guo Dagang

  2026,55(11):2819-2825 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250398

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  Abstract:The hydrogen compatibility of FV520B steel immersed in different hydrogen-blended natural gas environments was evaluated through slow strain-rate tensile testing, fatigue crack propagation testing, and fracture toughness testing and fracture morphology and microstructural characteristic were analyzed. The results show that as the hydrogen blending ratio and gas pressure increase, both the tensile strength and yield strength of FV520B steel decrease in different degrees, and the elongation after fracture and the reduction of area also decrease, demonstrating hydrogen induced plastic loss phenomenon. With increasing hydrogen content and gas pressure, the crack growth rate-stress intensity factor range curves shift left, leading to earlier crack propagation and faster entry into unstable fracture of the sample. Meanwhile, the fracture toughness K_IC value of FV520B steel decreases, and a tendency towards brittleness is observed in the low magnification fracture morphology of the material. The present study provides an important basis for evaluating the engineering application of centrifugal compressor impeller materials during transport of hydrogen-blended natural gas.

• Fatigue Life and Failure Mechanism of FGH95 Superalloy Considering Service Characteristics of Powder-Discs

  Dong Chengli, Hong Jianfeng, Sha Aixue, Peng Zichao, Wang Xuqing, Li Xingwu

  2026,55(11):2826-2834 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250405

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  Abstract:To address the lack of service performance evaluation of the extruded and forged FGH95 alloy under the service conditions of the aero-engine powder-disc components, a feature-base specimen based on the maximum principal strain gradient on the retaining groove of the powder-disc component were designed according to certain design criteria, and the design method was verified. Then, the fatigue life method based on the theory of critical distance (TCD) was employed to predict the service life. Finally, the fatigue life method and failure mechanisms were validated. The results show that the three-dimensional spatial domain automatic search method proposed in the present study can obtain the maximum principal strain gradient on the retaining groove. Compared with the Morrow-modified total strain life method commonly used in engineering, the TCD-life method incorporating the strain gradient can more accurately predict the fatigue life of the retaining groove. The important reason why the standard notched round bar specimen cannot accurately predict the fatigue life of the retaining groove is reasonably explained. The differences in the fatigue failure mechanisms of the standard notched round bar specimen, retaining groove, and its feature-base specimen are verified by fracture analysis techniques.

• Microstructure and Friction and Wear Properties of Pre-formed Films on Zr-2.5Nb Alloy Prepared by Different Processes

  Luo Qinwen, Zhang Peng, Yu Qiang, Zhao Guannan, Hu Lijuan, Xu Shitong, Yao Meiyi, Zhou Bangxin

  2026,55(11):2835-2843 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250407

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  Abstract:Micro-motion wear is one of the primary factors limiting the service life of pressure tubes used in heavy-water reactors. To enhance the operational reliability of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes for heavy-water reactors. A pre-formed film with thickness of approximately 1 μm on the surface of Zr-2.5Nb alloy by three pre-oxidation treatment processes was prepared, and the relationship between its mechanical properties and microstructure was investigated. The three pre-oxidation treatment processes were conducted at 400 °C for 24 h: (1) in deoxidized superheated steam at 10.3 MPa; (2) in superheated steam with dissolved oxygen of 300 μg/kg; (3) in low-pressure steam at 2 MPa. The results indicate that the Zr-2.5Nb alloy consists of α-Zr and β-Zr phases, with both α-Zr and β-Zr phases exhibiting elongated morphologies. And β-Zr phase continuously distributes at the α-Zr grain boundaries. Microstructures of the films formed under different pre-oxidation conditions exhibit differences. Among them, the pre-formed film prepared under deoxidized conditions contains relatively more microcracks, with shorter and more randomly arranged columnar grains; the pre-formed film prepared under dissolved oxygen conditions is the densest with the fewest defects, while the pre-formed film prepared under low-pressure conditions has the greatest thickness with relatively more pores and cracks. Compared with the original alloy, the pre-formed film increases the nano-hardness of the alloy by 50%–180%, improves the hardness-to-modulus ratio (H/E) by approximately 56%–81%, and reduces the wear rate by 31%–44%. The pre-formed film significantly enhances the surface hardness and wear resistance of the alloy, transforming the wear mechanism from severe abrasive wear to mild adhesive wear. Among three pre-formed films, the pre-formed film prepared under dissolved oxygen conditions is the densest and exhibits the most pronounced hardness enhancement. This is because the strengthening effect of the pre-formed film is closely related to its microstructure. A dense and intact oxide film not only has higher hardness, but also adheres more firmly to the metal substrate, making it less prone to peeling or cracking under localized stress.

• Wear Behavior of GNP/SiC/Al Composites at Room and Elevated Temperatures

  Bi Sheng, Hu Kaiqi, Zhou Bo, Xie Longfei, Zhu Jie, Zhang Haihong, An Zhen

  2026,55(11):2844-2853 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250410

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  Abstract:SiC and graphene nano-platelet (GNP) hybrid reinforced aluminum matrix (GNP/SiC/Al) composites were fabricated by high-energy ball milling combined with powder metallurgy process. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear performance of GNP/SiC/Al composites were characterized by SEM, TEM, universal tensile testing machines, and tribometers, with comparative analysis against gray cast iron (HT250). The results indicate that when SiC and GNP are uniformly dispersed in the matrix, the tensile strengths of composites are 287 and 101 MPa at room temperature and 350 ℃, respectively. During room temperature wear tests, the wear resistance of composites is lower than that of HT250. Both materials exhibit adhesive and abrasive wear mechanisms. Under high-temperature wear conditions, the wear resistance of the composites is better than that of HT250. HT250 exhibits adhesive and abrasive wear mechanisms, the composites are mainly characterized by adhesive wear. The exceptional high-temperature wear resistance of GNP/SiC/Al composites is attributed to three primary mechanisms: the high-temperature pinning effect of SiC and GNP; the self-lubricating properties of GNP; the formation of mechanically mixed layers during wear.

• Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Speed Extruded Mg-8Al-0.4Zn-0.9Ca-0.2Gd-0.2Mn Alloy

  Meng Shuaiju, Wang Menglu, Chen Jianfei, Zhang Jianjun, Yang Guirong, Bi Guangli

  2026,55(11):2854-2861 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250420

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  Abstract:Trace amounts of Ca and Gd were used for composite alloying, and a large amount of high-melting point Al₂Ca phase, Al₂Gd phase, and Al₈Mn₅ phase were in-situ generated in the microstructure of Mg-8Al-0.4Zn-0.9Ca-0.2Gd-0.2Mn (AZXVM80100, wt%) alloy. Results show that these high-melting point phases can be extruded at a die exit speed of 32.4 m/min without any hot cracks. The excellent extrudability is mainly attributed to the dominant presence of Al₂Ca, Al₂Gd and Al₈Mn₅ phases with high thermal stability, which do not melt despite the substantial amount of deformation heat generated during the high-speed extrusion (32.4 m/min), avoiding hot cracking. Meanwhile, these thermally stable Al₂Ca, Al₂Gd, and Al₈Mn₅ phases exert a remarkable refining effect on the recrystallized grains. Besides, the as-extruded AZXVM80100 alloy displays a fully dynamic recrystallized microstructure. It has a typical basal texture and fine grains with an average grain size of 8.6±1.7 μm. Owing to the significant grain boundary strengthening, the as-extruded AZXVM80100 alloy demonstrates a high tensile yield strength of 257.4±4.1 MPa. Furthermore, the as-extruded AZXVM80100 alloy also exhibits a high elongation of (14.9±0.8)%, which is dominantly coordinated by dislocation slip. The newly developed high-speed extrudable AZXVM80100 alloy, containing large amounts of cheap elements (Al, Zn, Ca, Mn) and trace amounts of rare earth (Gd), has great potential in manufacturing extrusion profiles because of its good strength-ductility synergy.

• Study on the Tensile Deformation Behavior and Dislocation Configurations of FGH4097 and GH4079 Nickel-Based Superalloys

  Tian Tian, Liu Jiantao, Liu Mingdong, Zhang Yiwen, Zhang Ming, Zhang Qiang, Wang Yixing, Wang Minxi, Zhao Yuanhao

  2026,55(11):2862-2871 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250403

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  Abstract:FGH4097 and GH4079 alloys were prepared by powder metallurgy and wrought processes, respectively. The experimental results show that the grain size of FGH4097 superalloy is smaller and has more uniform distribution compared with that of GH4079 superalloy, with the former having a grain size of approximately ASTM grade 6.0 to 6.5 and the latter having a grain size of approximately ASTM grade 4.5 to 5.0. The size of the γ′ strengthening phase in FGH4097 superalloy is larger than that in GH4079 superalloy, with secondary γ′ phase being mostly cubic and having an average size of about 0.48 μm in FGH4097 superalloy, whereas in GH4079 superalloy, the secondary γ′ phase is mainly near-spherical with an average size of about 0.14 μm. Comparing the tensile properties of the two superalloys, the results indicate that under the tensile conditions from room temperature to 750 ℃, the tensile strength of the FGH4097 superalloy is higher than that of the GH4079 superalloy, and its plasticity is also significantly superior to that of the GH4079 superalloy. As the temperature increases, the difference in tensile strength and plasticity between the two superalloys becomes more pronounced. To further explore the high strength and high plastic deformation mechanisms of FGH4097 superalloy during tensile processes at different temperatures, the microstructure of the tensile fractures was characterized by TEM. For the FGH4097 alloy under tensile deformation conditions from room temperature to 650 °C, the dislocation configurations are predominantly characterized by high-density dislocation pile-ups in the γ channels, as well as dislocations cutting the γ′ phase in the form of superlattice stacking faults and antiphase domain boundaries, supplemented by a small number of continuous stacking faults cutting the γ′ and γ phases. This phenomenon indicates that the deformation of the alloy at low to medium temperatures is primarily controlled by dislocations cutting the γ′ phase. As the tensile temperature increases to 750–850 °C, the dislocation configuration in the FGH4097 alloy undergoes a significant transformation. A large number of microtwins form in the γ′ phase and γ matrix, becoming the dominant phase, while continuous stacking faults and superlattice stacking faults play only secondary roles. Under high-temperature conditions, the dominant deformation mechanism of the alloy shifts from dislocation cutting to a synergistic plastic deformation mechanism involving microtwins. For the GH4079 alloy under tensile conditions at 25, 650, and 750 °C, the phenomena of a large number of continuous stacking faults cutting the γ′ and γ phases, a small number of superlattice stacking faults cutting the γ′ phase, and a limited number of microtwins cutting the γ′ and γ phases are observed in GH4079 alloy, which are its primary deformation mechanisms.

• Study on High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior and Mechanisms of ZTNM TiAl Alloys

  Ji Xiankun, Dang Yuyang, Leng Kun, Wang Ying, Xia Zhizhou, Liu Shaohua, Zhao Chunling, Cui Yuyou, Zhang Chao

  2026,55(11):2872-2882 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250465

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  Abstract:The cyclic oxidation behavior of a cast ZTNM TiAl alloy at 650 and 750 ℃ in accordance with the HB5258 standard was investigated. The results indicate that the oxidation mass gain kinetics of the alloy at both temperatures follows a parabolic law. The oxidation rate at 650 ℃ (k''= 0.0082 g?m^-2?h^-1) is lower than that at 750 ℃ (k''= 0.0095 g?m^-2?h^-1), with both rates qualified as “complete anti-oxidation” grade. The oxidation process contains three distinct stages: the initial formation of a mixed TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ scale; the development of a continuous TiN/Ti₂AlN nitride layer at the scale/metal substrate interface during the intermediate stage; the formation of an Al-depleted zone within the oxide scale after long-term exposure. The higher temperature (750 ℃) promotes the growth of TiO₂, resulting in a thicker oxide scale. The nitride layer plays a critical role in determining the oxidation rate and the structural stability of the scale.

• Effect of Mo Element on Microstructure and Properties of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Co-Cr-Fe Alloy

  He Yazhou, Hou Yaqing, Mi Zhishan, Wang Ziyu, Lu Yongchao, Li Xiaoqun, Zhou Dong, Su Hang

  2026,55(11):2883-2893 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250492

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  Abstract:Compositionally graded 15Co-25Cr-(60-x)Fe-xMo (x=0-5, wt%) specimens were fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) using blended elemental powders of Co, Cr, Fe, and Mo, employing an in-situ alloying strategy. The compositional homogeneity, phase constitution, and microstructure of the specimens with different Mo contents were investigated. Furthermore, the influence of Mo content on the magnetic properties was elucidated by integrating experimental findings with first-principles calculations. The results indicate that all specimens achieve full alloying without defects such as porosity or un-melted particles. The magnetic properties exhibit a non-monotonic trend with increase in Mo content, initially enhancing before deteriorating. Optimal magnetic performance is obtained at the Mo content of 3wt%, yielding a coercivity () of 26.54 kA/m, a remanence () of 0.9 T, and a maximum energy product () of 11.56 kJ/m³. Additionally, Mo incorporation is found to enhance the microhardness of the alloys, with the 15Co-25Cr-57Fe-3Mo sample exhibiting a hardness of 424HV_0.5.

• Research Progress on Effect of LPBF Process Parameters on Porous Metallic Biomaterials

  Ren Yongheng, Shi Yixuan, Zheng Yuzhe, Huang Chengcong, Zhao Shangyan, Li Xuan, Lu Yuchen, Wu Yuzhi, Li Peipei, Li Yageng, Wang Luning

  2026,55(11):2894-2915 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250646

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  Abstract:Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has emerged as a powerful additive manufacturing technique for fabricating architected cellular metallic structures with precisely tailored properties, making it particularly attractive for biomedical applications such as bone implants, scaffolds, and load-bearing devices. By enabling lightmass designs, complex geometries, and tunable mechanical behavior, LPBF offers unique opportunities for matching implant performance with biological and mechanical requirements. However, the intricate coupling between LPBF process parameters and the resulting structural, microstructural, and mechanical properties remain a major challenge for achieving the consistency and reliability demanded in clinical practice. This review comprehensively analyzed the effects of key LPBF parameters, such as laser power, scanning speed, and layer thickness on dimensional accuracy, relative density, microstructure, and surface roughness of metallic cellular structures. Their subsequent influence on mechanical performance, such as strength, fatigue resistance, and functional behavior, was critically discussed with a focus on biomedical relevance. In addition, the role of lattice design variables, including topology, unit cell size, and build orientation, was examined, highlighting their importance in optimizing mechanical integrity and biocompatibility. Current challenges, such as surface defects, geometric deviations, and microstructural heterogeneity, were identified as critical barriers to broader biomedical adoption. Finally, future perspectives emphasize process optimization and the integration of advanced computational approaches, particularly machine learning, to accelerate the design and manufacturing of complex, patient-specific biomedical architectures.

• Dealloying Fabrication， Structural Regulation and Applications of Nanoporous Metals： Insights from Dilute Solid Solution Precursors

  Liu Yalong, Yu Bin, Yan Xuejiao, Cheng Guanhua, Zhang Zhonghua

  2026,55(11):2916-2927 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250497

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(9.29 M)( 0)

  Abstract:The dealloying strategy based on dilute solid solution precursor holds significant importance in nanoporous metal fabrication. While conventional dealloying is constrained by the narrow compositional range of binary alloys, the dilute solid solution precursors achieve precise control over porous architectures by substantially expanding the tunable compositional range and optimizing kinetic pathways. Results show that structures such as high-aspect-ratio nanoporous microwires, ultra-high porosity freestanding thin films, and nested hierarchical nanoporous metals are fabricated, demonstrating significant advantages in functional applications: electrocatalytic materials achieve enhanced hydrogen evolution performance by optimizing surface electronic structures; solar steam generation devices leverage hierarchical porosity and localized surface plasmon resonance effects to attain broadband light absorption and efficient evaporation; and electroactuator materials overcome the limits of strain amplitude and strain rate by hierarchical network design. Critically, this strategy reveals a novel mechanism for synergistically resolving the fundamental compromise between high specific surface area/mass transfer efficiency and mechanical stability through the coordinated design of precursor composition and dealloying parameters.

• Research Progress on Structural Regulation and Mechanical Behavior of Dealloyed Porous Copper

  Chen Xin, Yang Qing, Li Zhaokun, Liu Rong, Geng Yingxin

  2026,55(11):2928-2936 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250460

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(2.09 M)( 0)

  Abstract:Dealloyed porous copper exhibits exceptional and adaptable functional properties, offering broad application potential in thermal management, catalytic sensing, and shock absorption. Structural regulation represents a key approach for enhancing its functional properties, whereas mechanical behavior is essential to ensure structural integrity and reliability under service conditions. Based on recent advances in structural regulation and mechanical properties of dealloyed porous copper, this review summarized the dealloying mechanisms and structural features of diverse precursor systems, including intermetallic compounds, solid solutions, and immiscible alloys, and also outlined the corresponding strategies for pore structural regulation. Moreover, it reviewed the current research progress on mechanical behavior of porous copper, and highlighted its major strengthening approaches and predictive models. Finally, this review outlined the key research directions of structural design and mechanical properties for the future.

• Research Progress on Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Metallic Porous Materials Applications

  Yang Kun, Shen Lei, Zhao Shaoyang, Xu Chenyang, Xu Zhongguo

  2026,55(11):2937-2947 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250417

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  Abstract:Porous metallic materials are a class of materials characterized by their structurally and functionally integrated features, with a well-defined pore structure being their most notable attribute. This porous structure enables them to exhibit dual characteristics of both metallic and porous materials, making them widely applicable in fields such as nuclear industry, petrochemical engineering, and aerospace. Additive manufacturing technology allows for the integrated fabrication of complex porous metallic structures, offering advantages such as high material utilization rate and precise control over pore structure. This paper reviews the current development of additive manufacturing technologies for metallic porous materials, focusing on the pore formation mechanisms and performance characteristics of additively manufactured porous metallic materials. It also summarizes their application progress in industries such as healthcare and mold manufacturing, discusses the integration of artificial intelligence in metallic additive manufacturing, and provides an outlook on the future development of this technology.

• Applications of Nanoporous Metals in Energy and Energy Storage

  Wang Ying, Zhou Zhilan, Han Gaofeng, Lang Xingyou, Jiang Qing, Han Liping, Shi Hang

  2026,55(11):2948-2963 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250434

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  Abstract:Nanoporous metals, with their unique pore structure and excellent electrochemical properties, demonstrate significant application potential in the fields of energy and energy storage. Their structural characteristics provide a large specific surface area and superior conductivity, and their composition and structure are tunable. As a result, nanoporous metals play a crucial role in the field of energy conversion applications. This paper reviews the synthesis methods and structural regulation of nanoporous metals, with a focus on their applications in electrocatalytic reactions (such as oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction) and energy storage devices (such as lithium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors). The results indicate that nanoporous metals not only enhance catalytic efficiency but also significantly improve battery cycle stability and energy density. However, issues such as the reproducibility of synthesis methods, long-term stability, cost, and technical challenges in practical applications require further investigation. Future research will focus on optimizing the microstructure and surface properties of nanoporous metals to achieve efficient and sustainable energy solutions.

• Nanoporous Metal-Based Hydrogenation Catalysts： Preparation and Applications

  Li Jiayi, Xiao Zihui, Li Hong, Ding Yi

  2026,55(11):2964-2979 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250528

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(16.03 M)( 0)

  Abstract:Nanoporous metal catalysts (NPCs) demonstrate remarkable advantages in the field of catalytic hydrogenation due to their high specific surface area, tunable pore structures, and confinement effects. This review elaborates on NPCs represented by Raney nickel, focusing on the preparation principles involving the construction of three-dimensional porous structures by chemical dealloying. It provides in-depth discussions on the key factors influencing catalytic performance from four perspectives: crystal structure, residual aluminum, pore characteristics, and dopants. Furthermore, the applications of these catalysts in the hydrogenation of unsaturated bonds, transformation of nitro/cyano-compounds, and upgrading of biomass platform molecules were reviewed, highlighting the essential role of the porous structure in providing high surface area, optimizing substance transfer pathways, and modulating reaction selectivity.

• Recent Advances in Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Titanium and Titanium Alloy Coatings

  Yang Lei, Wang Yun, Zhao Fucai

  2026,55(11):2980-2992 DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250468

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  Abstract:Titanium and titanium alloys, owing to their low density, high specific strength, and excellent corrosion resistance, are widely used in aerospace and marine engineering. The development of additive manufacturing has enabled new approaches for fabricating complex titanium and titanium alloy components. As a solid-state additive manufacturing technique, cold spray has attracted considerable attention for its advantages of low deposition temperature, high spraying velocity, and minimal thermal effects. The current research status of cold spray additive manufacturing of titanium and titanium alloy coating was reviewed. The characteristics of feedstock powders and their influence on deposition behavior were introduced. The microstructure and properties of cold-sprayed deposits were analyzed, and the mechanisms and effects of strengthening strategies such as in-situ reinforcement and post-processing were summarized, providing a reference for process improvement and application expansion.

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• Study on mechanical and biological properties of Ti-based diamond composite materials formed by Selective Laser Melting

  Jiang Xiaopeng, Xu Yangli, Zheng Xinyan, Mu Jianan, Cao Xuanyang, Guo Zihuan, Hidetoshi Saitoh

  Available online:August 13, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260174

  Abstract(82) PDF(1.38 M)(73)

  Abstract:Aiming at the lack of antibacterial activity in clinical applications of porous structures made of medical titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) by laser additive manufacturing, Ti-based diamond composites were fabricated in this study using selective laser melting (SLM) technology, and a systematic investigation of their biological and mechanical properties was conducted. With parameters set at a laser power of 200 W, a scanning speed of 1200 mm/s, scanning hatch of 0.12 mm, Ti-based diamond composite materials and their porous lattice structures with good surface quality and uniform diamond distribution are successfully prepared. The biological performance tests showed that, through the antibacterial performance experiments using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the in vitro compatibility experiments using mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells confirmed that the surface of samples from the proposed method have excellent antibacterial properties and high biocompatibility. Mechanical tests show that the compressive strength and elastic modulus of porous lattice structures with porosities of 50%, 60% and 70% were measured as 119.69±8.00 MPa and 3.09±0.07 GPa, 59.48±0.81 MPa and 1.84±0.06 GPa, 12.84±0.72 MPa and 0.68±0.03 GPa. The compression deformation mechanism of porous lattice structures with 50% and 60% porosity is characterized by fracture failure along a 45° inclined plane, whereas the structure with 70% porosity failed through layer-by-layer fracture. The Gibson-Ashby mathematical model was established to describe the relationship between porosity and mechanical properties, and is found to be highly compatible with the mechanical properties of human bone.

• Study on the Steam Oxidation Behavior of Nickel-Based Superalloy CM247LC

  Che Xueyu, Xuan weidong, Zhao Dan, Liu Ming, Yin Minghui, Ren Zhongming

  Available online:July 14, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260141

  Abstract(138) PDF(2.18 M)(107)

  Abstract:A systematic investigation was conducted on the oxidation behavior of nickel-based superalloy CM247LC at 1100 ℃ for 2 h under different water vapor contents. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies, phase composition, and formation mechanism of the oxide scale were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermodynamic calculations. The results indicate that water vapor significantly accelerates the oxidation of CM247LC alloy. As the water vapor content increases, the oxidation weight gain intensifies and the oxide scale thickness gradually rises. The surface oxide scale evolves from fine and uniform oxide particles into coarse particles, which subsequently agglomerate to form a continuous oxide layer. The oxide scale exhibits a multi-layer structure, primarily composed of NiO、Cr₂O₃、HfO₂、TiTaO₄、CoCr₂O₄ and Al-rich oxides. The formation sequence of these oxides is consistent with the order of their Gibbs free energies of formation. Water vapor promotes the growth of oxides and induces spallation of the oxide scale, thereby deteriorating the oxidation resistance of the alloy.

• Interfacial Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Nitrogen Steel/Alumina Ceramic Heterogeneous Brazed Joints

  Chang Jiashuo, Wang Xingxing, Wu Gang, Wang Shuai, Rocco Lupoi, Mohamed Rachik, Zhang Guanxing, Chang Yunfeng

  Available online:July 14, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260169

  Abstract(122) PDF(1.03 M)(111)

  Abstract:To investigate a reliable joining method for heterogeneous joints between high-nitrogen steel and alumina ceramic, vacuum brazing of P580 high-nitrogen steel and alumina ceramic was carried out using AgCuTi filler metal. The influence of brazing temperature on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint was systematically analyzed. The results show that the optimal joint was obtained under the process parameter of 910 °C/10 min. Its interfacial structure was Al2O3/Cu3Ti3O/Ag(s,s)+Cu(s,s)+TiCu/TiN/high-nitrogen steel. A continuous and dense Cu3Ti3O reaction layer formed on the ceramic side, while TiN compounds were generated on the high nitrogen steel side. The maximum shear strength of the joint reached 53.74 MPa, with fracture occurring in the ceramic near the brazed seam. Excessively high or low temperatures led to discontinuous or fragmented reaction layers, thereby reducing joint strength. The Ag and Cu solid solutions exhibited good plasticity, which helped alleviate residual stress, while the thickness and continuity of the Cu3Ti3O reaction layer played a key role in the interfacial stress state and joint performance. This study provides a reliable brazing process solution for the heterogeneous joining of high-nitrogen steel and alumina ceramic.

• Research on Hot Working Process of φ1500mm Class GH4738 Alloy Turbine Disk Forged Parts

  wang zhao hui, zhang shaohui, sun panhe, yao kaijun, deng hao, xiang biao, xie jing, xu wenli, jiang he, dong jian xin

  Available online:July 13, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260080

  Abstract(128) PDF(3.61 M)(149)

  Abstract:The ultra-large-scale GH4738 superalloy turbine disk forging for power equipment, with a diameter exceeding φ1500 mm, represents the largest GH4738 alloy forging domestically. Using the Simufact numerical simulation software, the effects of process parameters such as friction coefficient, pressing speed, and initial forging temperature on the forming load and microstructure distribution of the forging were analyzed, and the optimal forging process parameters for the φ1500 mm-scale GH4738 alloy turbine disk were determined. Subsequently, numerical simulation and trial production of a scaled-down component were conducted using the same process parameters, and the actual microstructure distribution was found to be consistent with the simulation results. Based on the validated results, die forging of the φ1500 mm-scale GH4738 alloy turbine disk was successfully carried out on an 80,000-ton die forging press. After heat treatment, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the forging met the service requirements, achieving the engineering fabrication of the φ1500 mm-scale GH4738 alloy turbine disk forging. Furthermore, the precipitate phase content at different positions of the forging was quantitatively characterized using TEM. It was revealed that during the quenching process of the ultra-large-scale forging, the non-uniform solid-solution cooling rate at different cross-sectional positions—attributed to the size effect—resulted in a significantly higher content of secondary γ" precipitates on the surface than at the core after subsequent aging, leading to notable differences in tensile properties across different positions.

• A Review and Future Perspectives of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Titanium Matrix Composites

  Lu Jinglin, Chen Zixuan, Xue Aitang, Zhang Quanli, Meng Zhibin, Zhang Xiaoyong

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250619

  Abstract(144) PDF(4.78 M)(184)

  Abstract:Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) have emerged as promising candidates for lightweight, high-strength structural components. Their appeal lies in the potential to surpass the performance limits of conventional homogeneous alloys through strategic design of reinforcements in terms of their type, morphology, and spatial distribution. Concurrently, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) offers a novel paradigm for fabricating complex TMC structures with high material utilization and shortened processing routes, leveraging its dual advantages of near-net shaping and rapid solidification. This review systematically summarizes the current state of research on wire arc additively manufactured TMCs, with a focused discussion on three critical aspects: geometrical integrity, microstructural characteristics, and mechanical properties. The analysis indicates that by optimizing process parameters such as heat input and current mode, and employing auxiliary processes including preheating and maintaining temperature. can effectively mitigate defects such as porosity and cracking, thereby improving dimensional accuracy. The inherent rapid solidification of WAAM, combined with the introduction of reinforcing phases, facilitates grain refinement and enables microstructural control. Furthermore, the strategic design of architectural features such as laminated or network-like structures can lead to significant enhancement in material strength. Future research should focus on a deeper integration of process-microstructure-property relationships to accelerate the broad adoption of this technology in the manufacturing of high-performance components.

• Integrated Analysis of As-Cast Microstructural Characteristics and the Homogenization Treatment for GH3536 Superalloy

  Liu Yue, Jiang He, Yao Zhihao, Dong jianxin

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250621

  Abstract(142) PDF(5.45 M)(180)

  Abstract:In this study, the as-cast microstructure of a GH3536 electroslag ingot, produced via a vacuum induction melting plus electroslag remelting duplex process, was systematically examined using multiple characterization techniques. These included optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), extracted phase analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermodynamic calculations. Furthermore, the microstructural evolution following homogenization heat treatment and the results of hot compression simulations were analyzed to identify an appropriate homogenization process for the alloy. The results demonstrate that molybdenum (Mo) is the primary segregating element in the alloy. In addition to the austenitic matrix, the electroslag ingot contains two types of carbides: M??C?, enriched with chromium (Cr), and M?C, enriched with Mo. After homogenization heat treatment at 1180?°C for 48?h, the coarse secondary phases were largely dissolved, and elemental segregation was significantly reduced. Consequently, the homogenized alloy exhibited excellent hot workability.

• Temperature-Dependent Modeling of High-Temperature Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in GH4710 Superalloy

  Chen Youhong, Lan Bo, Sun Xing, Li Kai

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250623

  Abstract(140) PDF(4.10 M)(175)

  Abstract:Aiming at the high-temperature fatigue failure risk of GH4710 alloy turbine disks for aero-engines, the fatigue crack growth behavior of the alloy at 750℃, 815℃ and 850℃ was systematically studied, the temperature influence mechanism was revealed, and a temperature-dependent model was established. The results show that grain boundary oxidation weakening is the dominant factor for accelerated crack growth at high temperatures. When the temperature increases from 750℃ to 850℃, the fatigue crack growth rate of the alloy increases significantly, the fatigue life decreases by 74.7%, and the fracture mechanism transforms from transgranular dominance to intergranular dominance. The range of 815~850 ℃ is the critical mutation temperature range for fatigue performance, and below this temperature, the alloy has a wider stress intensity factor range ( ΔK) and better crack growth resistance. Based on the Paris equation, an Arrhenius-type temperature correction term was introduced to establish the model: da/dN=9.783×10^(-7)×exp?(-3557.068/T) (ΔK)^3.183 (T is absolute temperature, K). Within the range of ΔK =20~65 MPa·m?·?, the error between the model predictions and experimental data is less than 10%, which can accurately characterize the fatigue crack growth behavior of the alloy in the temperature range of 750~850℃. This study provides theoretical support for the damage tolerance design, high-temperature service life prediction and critical temperature early warning of GH4710 alloy turbine disks.

• Novel Cobalt-Based Superalloys: Compositional Design, Microstructure-Property, and Application Progress

  Wang Xiao, Luo Guoqiang, Wei Qinqin, Dai Xiangping, Shen Qiang

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250629

  Abstract(148) PDF(2.79 M)(165)

  Abstract:Conventional cobalt-based superalloys are limited in high-temperature properties due to the lack of coherent strengthening phases. The discovery of the L12-structured γ′-Co3(Al, W) phase has initiated the research on novel cobalt-based superalloys. This paper systematically reviews the recent progress in this field, covering composition design, processing techniques, microstructure, mechanical properties, and application status. The compositional strategies, including multi-component alloying and density reduction, are elaborated. Combined with typical cases, the breakthroughs of additive manufacturing technology in suppressing segregation and cracking are discussed. Furthermore, strengthening models are introduced to quantitatively analyze the influence of γ′ phase characteristic parameters on strength. In addition, the key mechanisms for improving high-temperature oxidation and hot corrosion resistance are deeply discussed. Finally, the application progress of these alloys in aero-engine hot-end components and high-temperature tools and molds is summarized, and future development directions regarding microstructural stability and engineering fabrication are proposed.

• Research Progress on Laser-cladded High-Entropy Alloy Coatings

  Wang Ruixin, Zhang Yong, Zhang Yitian, Liu Jiahui, Ma Lei, Han Xiaoliang, Wang Hui, Song Kaikai

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250639

  Abstract(180) PDF(1.94 M)(174)

  Abstract:High-entropy alloys demonstrate outstanding comprehensive performance due to their revolutionary multi-component design concept, making them ideal materials for achieving structural-function integration. The laser cladded high-entropy alloy coatings combines the performance advantages of high-entropy alloys with the technical advantages of laser cladding, achieving a high-quality balance among surface performance, mechanical performance, and functional performance, and showing great potential for engineering applications. This paper starts from the "process-microstructure-performance" relationship and the intrinsic mechanism. The preparation methods and optimization strategies are summarized. The microstructure, performance and performance improvement mechanisms under single and coupled conditions are revealed. The potential application scenarios and the problems that need to be solved urgently in current applications and the future development direction are disccused.

• Elevated shear strength of aged Sn58Bi solder joints under low density current stressing

  Gong Zhiwen, Li Wangyun, Lin Yichun, Hu Fei, Cai Huihong, Yue Wu

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250644

  Abstract(155) PDF(9.37 M)(204)

  Abstract:This study investigates the impact of low density current stressing on the shear performance of thermally aged Sn58Bi solder joints and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. Cu/Sn58Bi/Cu joints were subjected to isothermal aging at 120 °C for different durations (0 h, 240 h, 480 h, 720 h, 960 h, 1200 h, 1440 h, 1680 h) and tested under current densities of 0, 1×103, 2×103, and 3×103 A/cm2. The results indicate a non-monotonic "rise-fall" trend in the shear strength of aged joints with increasing current density. Notably, a maximum strength increase of 12.85 % was observed in joint aged for 480 h under a current density of 2×103 A/cm2, comparing with the unaged and current-free ones. This strengthening behavior at 480 h is primarily attributed to two mechanisms: (1) the applied current promotes the multiplication of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), elevating strength via dislocation strengthening; and (2) higher current density facilitates an increase in the subgrain fraction of the Bi phase, which effectively impedes dislocation motion. Conversely, at higher current densities, shear strength decreases due to Joule heating, which induces thermal mismatch and compromises the interfacial bonding between the interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMC) layer and the solder matrix. These findings provide theoretical insights for the reliability assessment of low-temperature solder joints in electronic packaging.

• High-Temperature Extrusion-Induced Dynamic Precipitation of Nano-Sized α-Mn Phase Synergistically Enhances the Strength and Corrosion Resistance of Mg-Zn-Mn-Gd-Ca Alloy

  Zhi Gejie, Zhang Jinghuai, Bao Rirong, He Yuying, Qiu Xin, Yang Qiang, Xie Jinshu, Liu Shujuan, Zhang Xiaobo

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250647

  Abstract(110) PDF(5.28 M)(147)

  Abstract:To address the challenge of synergistically improving the strength and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys, the effects of extrusion temperatures (360 °C and 380 °C) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of the Mg-2Zn-0.8Mn-0.7Gd-0.3Ca alloy were systematically investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), tensile tests, immersion tests, and electrochemical measurements. The results show that the most significant microstructural effect of increasing the extrusion temperature to 380 °C is the remarkable promotion of dynamic precipitation of α-Mn nanoparticles. These precipitated phases pin the grain boundaries and inhibit grain growth. Through the combined effects of second-phase strengthening and grain refinement strengthening, the yield strength of the alloy is increased from 202 MPa to 244 MPa. Meanwhile, after stable immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the surface film resistance of the alloy is enhanced from 2238 ohm cm2 to 4811 ohm cm2, and the corrosion rate is reduced from 1.325 mm·y-1 to 0.839 mm·y-1. The improved protective performance of the film may be associated with the precipitation of dispersed nano-sized α-Mn particles. By simply adjusting the hot extrusion process, this study achieves the simultaneous enhancement of strength and corrosion resistance, providing a new perspective for the design of high-strength and corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys.

• Effect of Arsenic on the Passivation Behavior of Anodes in Copper Electrorefining

  Xu Yangtao, Ban Yanpeng, Wang Yi, Yang Guiyan, Xu Peng, Shi Tian

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20250652

  Abstract(117) PDF(2.61 M)(80)

  Abstract:Mixed copper anodes have become the inevitable choice for industrial electrolytic refining, but the anode passivation issues caused by impurity elements severely impact industrial production and cathode copper quality. The mechanism by which arsenic effectively suppresses anodic passivation remains unclear. This study investigates the influence of arsenic on anodic passivation behavior and its inhibition mechanism by analyzing the anodic polarization curve, constant-current oxidation curve, and constant-potential oxidation curve during the electrolysis of cast arsenic-containing mixed copper anodes. The anodic surface is characterized using AFM, while the passivation film and anodic sludge undergo XRD, SEM, and XPS characterization. The results indicate that an increase in arsenic content within the anode leads to a significant rise in its passivation potential and active dissolution time. Dissolution at the anode surface becomes more uniform, and the inhibitory effect on anodic passivation becomes increasingly pronounced. The passivation film primarily consists of Cu?O, while the anode sludge mainly comprises As?O? and Cu?As. The H+ ions generated by arsenic dissolution lower the pH at the anode surface, inhibiting the formation of the Cu?O passivation film. Higher arsenic content in the anode results in a more porous anode sludge structure that is prone to detachment. The lower passivation threshold for arsenic is 0.02 wt.%; below this value, the anode exhibits increased passivation tendencies. Copper scrap anodes with higher arsenic content are less prone to passivation.

• The progress research of creep property in refractory metals and alloys

  Tian Xin, Hanyu Zheng, Chang Xin, Xiaohui Lin, Jing Liang, Xuanqiao Gao, Li Huang, Wen Zhang

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260003

  Abstract(128) PDF(2.10 M)(35)

  Abstract:This paper systematically reviews the creep properties and core mechanisms of refractory metals (W, Mo, Ta, Nb), their alloys, and refractory high/medium-entropy alloys. Creep, as a slow plastic deformation under constant stress at high temperatures, is regulated by the homologous temperature (TH). When TH < 0.3, it is dominated by dislocation glide; when 0.3 < TH < 0.5, it is controlled by the competition between strain hardening and recovery; when TH > 0.5, it exhibits three-stage creep, with the role of diffusion becoming increasingly prominent as temperature rises. Among classical creep models, the power-law model is the most widely used. Through the stress exponent (n) and activation energy (Q), it can roughly distinguish dominant mechanisms such as diffusion creep (n=1), dislocation climb (n=5~7), and solute drag creep (n=3). The creep of pure refractory metals mostly follows the power-law relationship. The n values of W, Mo, and Ta are mostly between 3 and 7, and their activation energies are related to lattice diffusion or dislocation core diffusion. In contrast, fine-grained Nb exhibits a dual mechanism dominated by power-law creep and vacancy generation depending on stress. In alloy systems, W-Re-HfC, Mo-La?O?, and others improve creep resistance through precipitation strengthening; the creep performance of the Ta-based alloy ASTAR-811C depends on grain size; and the Nb-based alloy C103 is controlled by the solute drag mechanism. Among refractory high/medium-entropy alloys, the HfNbTaTiZr system is mainly governed by the solute drag mechanism. Similarly, in the WMoTaNb system, the increase in W content can enhance creep resistance through the solute drag effect. Overall, the factors affecting creep performance include intrinsic factors such as composition and structure, as well as extrinsic conditions such as stress, processing technology, and service environment. This paper provides theoretical support for the application of refractory metals in high-temperature extreme scenarios and offers guidance for the design of high-performance materials.

• Mechanism Analysis on Role of Octadecyltrimethoxysilane in Low-temperature Silver-coated Copper Paste

  Zhang Xianyang, Mo Libin, Li Heran, Diao Hongwei, Wang Wenjing, Zhou Chunlan, Zhao Lei

  Available online:June 01, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260005

  Abstract(53) PDF(1.12 M)(20)

  Abstract:Surface organic coating represents a pivotal technology for enhancing the performance of silver-coated copper (Cu@Ag) powder and its corresponding paste. However, the adsorption behavior of coating agents on the powder surface and their underlying mechanisms governing the properties of the powder, paste, and the overall performance of solar cells remain to be systematically investigated. In this study, octadecyltrimethoxysilane (ODTMS) was employed as the coating agent for Cu@Ag powder, with varying dosages of ODTMS used to fabricate Cu@Ag pastes. The application efficacy and action mechanisms were explored using silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells as a model system. The results indicate that ODTMS treatment enhances the hydrophobicity of Ag-Cu powder, elevating its oxidation onset temperature from 250.00°C to 297.33°C. An optimal dosage of ODTMS improves powder dispersibility and resin distribution, leading to reduced bulk resistivity and contact resistivity of the cured metal electrodes on the cells, as well as a slight increase in the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of the devices. When the ODTMS dosage reaches or exceeds 0.08%, the formation of a Si-O-Si network on the Cu@Ag powder surface progressively degrades the electrical conductivity of the electrodes, moreover, a gradual decrease is also manifested in VOC and fill factor(FF) of the SHJ cells. The printed line width of ODTMS-treated samples is marginally larger than that of untreated sample, but the difference is negligible among the treated samples, resulting in no significant variation in short-circuit current density (JSC). Ultimately, the SHJ solar cells achieve the highest conversion efficiency when the ODTMS dosage is 0.04%.

• The fracture mechanism and fatigue stress prediction model of nickel-based single-crystal high-temperature alloys under high-cycle fatigue conditions

  lizhen, xuyuanming, liuxinling, xing Chen, Changkui Liu

  Available online:May 22, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260014

  Abstract(113) PDF(3.96 M)(34)

  Abstract:High-temperature and high-cycle fatigue tests have been conducted on nickel-based single crystal superalloys at 760℃and 850℃. The macroscopic and microscopic features of the high-cycle fatigue fracture surfaces were assessed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted to establish the stable propagation characteristics. In addition, a new quantitative analysis parameter for fatigue fracture and a fatigue stress prediction modelling were proposed and applied in the prediction of high-cycle fatigue stress effects. The errors associated with different models are calculated and compared. The results demonstrate that, at 760℃ and 860℃ and a stress ratio (R) of 0.05 and -1, the location of high-cycle fatigue crack initiation, the propagation direction, and the fracture surface characteristics are similar, presenting typical staged characteristics. The cracks all originate from internal porosity and material voids, where the early stage of the crack propagation zone exhibits smooth and flat crystallographic plane characteristics. At the later stage, the crack propagation zone shows "brittle fatigue band" characteristics; the fracture surface is inclined at a certain angle to the loading direction, generating a composite crack. The brittle fatigue band features of the nickel-based single crystal alloys are significantly different from those associated with steel and aluminum polycrystalline alloys in terms of morphology and spacing size order of magnitude. Based on the stable propagation characteristics of the fatigue cracks, the parameters required for the fatigue stress prediction model were calculated. The crack shape factor, "cylindrical semi-elliptical surface crack", which reflects the initiation and propagation direction of the fatigue cracks, was selected. The correction coefficient for the composite crack shape factor that represents the characteristics of the alloy inclined cracks was calculated. Moreover, conventional Paris and Forman models that incorporate the stress ratio and fracture toughness (Kc) were selected as the fatigue stress prediction models. The predicted results were compared with the nominal stress, with a prediction error for the Paris model between 1.0 and 1.9, and between 1.05 and 1.30 in the case of the Forman model. The results indicate that accurate fatigue stress prediction requires the selection of prediction parameters and models which match the fatigue fracture characteristics.

• Effect of Heat Treatment on the Evolution of Serrated Grain Boundaries and Tensile Properties of a Casting Ni-based Superalloy

  Wang Jiahui, Zhao Xinbao, Wang Changshuai, Gong Xiufang, Dong Na, Yue Quanzhao, Gu Yuefeng, Zhang Ze

  Available online:May 22, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260017

  Abstract(116) PDF(2.62 M)(52)

  Abstract:This work investigated the mitigation of intermediate temperature embrittlement in casting Ni-based superalloys for gas turbine blades. By tailoring the post-solution cooling rate and water quenching termination temperature, we analyzed the impact of the synergistic evolution between γ′ phase precipitation and grain boundary (GB) geometry on 650 °C tensile performance. It was found that lower cooling rates and quenching termination temperatures promote intragranular γ′ phase coarsening and a transition from planar to serrated GB morphologies. A cooling rate of 5 °C/min led to SGB-1 type serrated GBs via strong γ′ phase pinning, while 1 °C/min resulted in SGB-2 type serrated GBs through the synergistic migration of coarse γ′ phases and GBs. Although yield strength at 650 °C decreased with reduced cooling rates, ductility was significantly enhanced, with the SGB-2 sample achieving an elongation of 8.5%. The brittleness observed in air-cooled samples was attributed to a mismatch between strong grain interiors and weak grain boundaries. In contrast, slow-cooled samples effectively alleviated this brittleness by sacrificing some intragranular strength in favor of GB strengthening through serration, creating a beneficial "strong GB–weak grain interior" balance.

• Modeling for the Effect of Iron Impurities on the Characteristics of Gadolinium Molten Pools During Electron Beam Heating Process

  Lai Ganping, Li Heping, Jiang Dongjun, Zhou Mingsheng

  Available online:May 22, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260032

  Abstract(75) PDF(1.61 M)(29)

  Abstract:The isotope _¹⁶⁰Gd can be separated from natural gadolinium using atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) technique; and then, ₁₆₀^{Gd can be used to produce the medic}al isotope ₁₆₁^Tb through irradiation. Metal evaporation process is one of the critical steps in AVLIS, and the introduction of iron impurities from the working environment can affect the characteristics of the molten pool and the vapor quality. In this study, a molten pool model for gadolinium containing iron impurities during electron beam heating is established by employing an “evaporation–activity–concentration gradient transport–VOF free surface” coupling model with considering the effects of metal vapor recoil pressure, surface tension, buoyancy force, transport due to species concentration gradient and activity. Based on this new model, a criterion for dividing the iron content distribution regions at the molten pool surface is established, and the distributions of temperature and iron content in the molten pool of a Gd-Fe system are obtained. In the parameter range studied in this paper, the modeling results show that: With the lasting of electron beam exposure duration, the temperature at the center point of the top surface of the metal ingot rises rapidly at first, and then stabilizes at approximately 2600 K, while the molten pool surface expands into an approximately elliptical shape, and the depth of the surface depression gradually increases to about 2 mm. The distribution of iron content at the molten pool surface can be divided into three regions, i.e., the central evaporation zone, transition zone, and unmelted zone, with the isotherm of 2200 K and the boundary of unmelted metal on the top surface of the metal ingot as a criterion. The initial iron content has significant influences on the iron content distributions in the transition zone and the purity of the gadolinium vapor; with the increase of the initial iron content from 5 to 15 wt%, the iron impurity content in the gadolinium vapor increases from 8.2 to 36.5 wt% corresponding to the surface temperature of 2200 K of the molten pool. There also exist obvious influences of the electron beam power on both the temperature distribution and iron content distribution on the top surface of the metal ingot. With increasing the electron beam power from 10 to 30 kW, the maximum surface temperature at the top surface of the metal ingot increases from approximately 2200 to 2600 K, while the iron content in the central evaporation zone decreases from about 0.8 to 0.2 wt%, and simultaneously, the boundary of the central evaporation zone and the outer boundary of the transition zone both expand outward noticeably. Based on the modeling results under different initial iron contents and electron beam powers, it is recommended that 10 wt% of the initial iron content in the Gd-Fe metal ingot can be set as the upper limit for obtaining high-quality gadolinium vapors in actual applications.

• Bonding Mechanism and Physical Properties of Flexible Graphite Film Joints Soldered with Sn-Based Solder

  Ma Zhipeng, Zhang Yuting, Zhuang Biying, Liu Kunying, Wang Chuang, Li Yinan, Fu xiaowei

  Available online:May 22, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260033

  Abstract(134) PDF(4.79 M)(51)

  Abstract:Flexible Graphite Film (FGF) has great application potential in the field of flexible electronic thermal management, but its inherent poor wettability and layered structure restrict reliable joining. In this paper, an ultrasonic-assisted plating–brazing composite process is proposed; using pure Sn and Sn9Zn solders, low-temperature joining of FGF is realized. The ultrasonic plating process is systematically optimized, and the bonding mechanism at the Sn/FGF interface is investigated by first-principles calculations. The microstructure and properties of joints with and without ultrasonic assistance are comparatively analyzed. The results show that ultrasonic plating can form a uniform coating on the FGF surface; for pure Sn solder the optimum ultrasonic plating time is 45 s, temperature 320 °C, power 640 W, whereas for Sn9Zn solder the optimum time is 35 s, temperature 280 °C, power 800 W. Ultrasonic brazing significantly improves interfacial bonding and promotes the formation of a mechanical interlocking structure between solder and FGF. First-principles calculations reveal that Sn atoms lose electrons and C atoms gain electrons at the interface; the C–Sn bond population is between 0.03 and 0.06. Combined with the calculated work of separation, comprehensive analysis indicates that Sn/FGF interfacial bonding is dominated by van der Waals forces and weak chemical bonding induced by charge transfer, accompanied by weak covalent–ionic mixed bonding. In terms of joint performance, joints ultrasonically brazed for 3 s with pure Sn solder exhibit the best electrical conductivity, superior to joints ultrasonically brazed for 5 s with Sn9Zn solder; the electrical conductivities are 3.49×10₆ ^{S/m and 2.25×10₆} S/m, respectively, and the stability in bending tests is better than that of joints without ultrasonic assistance. In heat dissipation, Sn9Zn-brazed joints are overall superior to pure Sn joints; because of secondary ultrasonic application during joining, 5 s Sn9Zn joints brazed without ultrasonic assistance display the optimum thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity.

• Synthesis and Acetone Sensing Performance of Three-dimensional Ordered Mesoporous SnO2 Loaded with Bimetallic PtAu

  Zhu Xiaofeng, Guo Ruihua, Li Yongzhen, Dong Lihua, Yang Hui

  Available online:May 22, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260038

  Abstract(95) PDF(2.25 M)(36)

  Abstract:Acetone is a key biomarker for early screening and non-invasive diagnosis of diabetes. This study aimed to develop high-performance gas-sensitive materials suitable for breath acetone detection. PtAu bimetallic-modified three-dimensional ordered mesoporous SnO2 composite material (PtAu/3DOM SnO2) was prepared using a template method combined with an in-situ reduction process. The results of material characterization revealed a highly ordered mesoporous structure, a rutile crystal phase, and uniformly dispersed PtAu nanoparticles. At an operating temperature of 300 ℃, the material exhibited a high response value of 192.3 to 100 ppm acetone, a low detection limit of 77 ppb, response and recovery times of 30 s and 9 s, respectively, and demonstrated good stability and anti-interference capability over a wide humidity range. The performance enhancement is primarily attributed to the high specific surface area and rapid gas diffusion channels provided by the three-dimensional ordered mesoporous structure, as well as the synergistic catalytic and electronic sensitization effects of the PtAu nanoparticles. Together, these factors promote the adsorption, activation, and surface reaction kinetics of acetone, showing significant application potential in diabetes breath detection. .

• The Microstructure and High Temperature Mechanical Properties of GH4720Li Wheel Disc after Low Cycle Fatigue Test

  Ming Lei, Yao Shi, Yang Yang, Jiamin Zeng, Gaiqi Li, Yi Zeng, Aifang Chao

  Available online:May 22, 2026  DOI: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20260044

  Abstract(88) PDF(1.91 M)(39)

  Abstract:In order to make full use of the existing test resources of the engine, the microstructure and mechanical properties of GH4720Li alloy under the service conditions of the engine are judged, so as to improve the one-time success rate of the whole engine test. In this study, the low cycle fatigue test of GH4720Li nickel-based superalloy disc was carried out systematically. The microstructure of the root, center hole, transition arc, mortise and flange after the test was observed, and the high temperature mechanical properties at 650 °C at different positions were studied. The results show that the central hole area is the most obvious part of stress concentration, where the grain size of γ matrix increases significantly, and the number of primary γ′ phase decreases significantly. In some areas, the primary γ′ phase is deformed into water droplets, and a small number of areas appear a γ′ phase aggregation phenomenon. EBSD analysis reveals that the low-angle grain boundaries are mainly distributed inside the grains, which are spherical or near-spherical and small in size. High-angle grain boundaries are mainly distributed near grain boundaries and grain boundaries. Combined with the existing microstructure, it can be seen that the small angle grain boundary is mainly distributed at the secondary γ" phase, and the large angle grain boundary is mainly distributed at the grain boundary and the primary γ" phase. TEM shows that the primary γ" phase can effectively hinder the expansion of slip bands, and dislocations mostly appear at the boundary of the secondary γ" phase and the cubic γ" phase. The tensile results at 650 °C show that the high temperature mechanical properties of the disc at different positions are consistent. The tensile strengths are all kept at ~ 1370 MPa, the yield strengths are ~ 1090 MPa, and the elongations are ~ 25%, which shows the characteristics of ductile fracture. The above results show that the GH4720Li disc still has good high temperature mechanical properties after low cycle fatigue test, indicating that there is no large stress concentration or deformation position under complex load, and the integrity of the disc is high.

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